Owain followed a diplomatic policy of binding other Welsh rulers to Gwynedd through dynastic marriages, and Cadwaladr's border dispute and murder of Anarawd threatened Owain's efforts and credibility.

Owain followed a diplomatic policy of binding other Welsh rulers to Gwynedd through dynastic marriages, and Cadwaladr's border dispute and murder of Anarawd threatened Owain's efforts and credibility.

One famous Welsh longbow victory was on 22 June 1402 when Owain Glyndŵr fought a battle against the English at Bryn Glas.

Owain ’ s personal standard — the quartered arms of Powys and Deheubarth rampant — began to be seen all over Wales, especially at rugby union matches against the English.

* December – Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales.

* June 14 – Rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr, having declared himself Prince of Wales, allies with the French against the English.

Less than three years later, Henry was in command of part of the English forces — he led his own army into Wales against Owain Glyndŵr and joined forces with his father to fight Harry Hotspur at Shrewsbury in 1403.

The Welsh launched several revolts against English rule, the last significant one being that led by Owain Glyndŵr in the early 15th century.

In 1400, a Welsh nobleman, Owain Glyndŵr ( or Owen Glendower ), revolted against King Henry IV of England.

By about 1120 Gruffydd had grown too old to lead his forces in battle and Owain and his brothers Cadwallon and later Cadwaladr led the forces of Gwynedd against the Normans and against other Welsh princes with great success.

His elder brother Cadwallon was killed in a battle against the forces of Powys in 1132, leaving Owain as his father's heir.

This was a base for repelling Welsh attacks and a secure stronghold for English kings such as King Henry IV when on campaign in the Welsh Marches against Owain Glyndŵr.

A Welshman Owain Lawgoch ( Owain of the Red Hand ) formed a free company and fought for the French against the English during the Hundred Years ' War, before being assassinated by a Scot by the name of Jon Lamb under the orders of the English Crown in 1378 during the siege of Mortagne.

Around 1401 both town and castle suffered damage by the forces of Owain Glyndŵr, although the castle was listed as defensible against the Welsh in 1403.

They subsequently supported him in Wales, early in the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, and in Scotland, in both negotiations and conflict against the Scots.

In 1400 a revolt broke out in North Wales against English rule, led by Owain Glyndŵr.

In 1400 a revolt broke out in North Wales against English rule, led by Owain Glyndŵr.

* Robert Puleston-supporter of Owain Glyndŵr, at the time of his rebellion against King Henry IV

Later, Oswestry was attacked by the forces of Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr during the early years of his rebellion against the English King Henry IV in 1400 ; it became known as Pentrepoeth or ' hot town ' as it was burned and nearly totally destroyed by the Welsh.

In 1400 the Welsh prince Owain Glyndŵr rose in rebellion against English rule, and in response in 1404 100 marks was spent by the royal government improving the fortifications to protect Brecon in the event of a Welsh attack.

Together with Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd of Gwynedd he won a victory against the Normans at the Battle of Crug Mawr near Cardigan.

Soon after reaching his majority and taking responsibility for the Earldom, he saw military action in Wales, defending against a Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr.

In the next few years Oldcastle held notable positions in the Welsh campaigns of King Henry IV of England against Owain Glyndŵr, including captaincy first over Builth Castle in Brecknockshire and then over Kidwelly.

* Owain Glyndŵr ( Wales ) The Last native born Welshmen to hold the title " Prince of Wales ", he disappeared after a long but ultimately unsuccessful rebellion against the English.

Owain mab Urien ( or Owein ) ( died c. 595 ) was the son of Urien, king of Rheged c. 590, and fought with his father against the Angles of Bernicia.

In addition to this, the final defeat of the uprising led by the Welsh prince, Owain Glyndŵr, in 1412 by Prince Henry ( who later became Henry V ) represents the last major armed attempt by the Welsh to throw off English rule.

Hotspur issued an amnesty in March which applied to all rebels with the exception of Owain and his cousins, Rhys ap Tudur and Gwilym ap Tudur, sons of Tudur ap Gronw ( forefather of King Henry VII of England ).

Owain demonstrated his new status by negotiating the " Tripartite Indenture " with Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland.

Owain is perhaps best remembered outside Wales as the mysterious Welshman of ' Owen Glendower ' in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 who claims to be able to " call spirits from the vasty deep ," and proves later on that he can, at least, summon unearthly music.

He is also a character in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and was the hero of James Hill's UK TV movie Owain, Prince of Wales, broadcast in 1983 in the early days of Channel 4 / S4C.

Rhys made an alliance with Owain Gwynedd and after the failure of another invasion of Wales by Henry in 1165 was able to win back most of his lands.

Rhys was summoned to appear before Henry at Woodstock to do homage together with Owain Gwynedd and Malcolm IV of Scotland.

Warren suggests that when Rhys and Owain were obliged to do homage to Henry in 1163 they were forced to accept a status of dependent vassalage instead of their previous client status, and that this led to the revolt.

In 1177 Rhys, Dafydd ab Owain, who had emerged as the main power in Gwynedd, and Cadwallon ap Madog from Rhwng Gwy a Hafren swore fealty and liege homage to Henry at a council held at Oxford.

* Before July 21 – Henry ' Hotspur ' Percy forms an alliance with Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr.

* Henry II of England invades Wales and is defeated at the Battle of Ewloe by Owain Gwynedd.

* September – Henry, Prince of Wales ( later Henry V of England ) retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glyndŵr.

Rebellions continued throughout the first ten years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr, who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and the rebellion of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland.

King Henry IV defeats a rebel army led by Henry Hotspur Percy who has allied with the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr.

Ultimately, at the end of the campaign, Owain was forced to come to terms with Henry, being obliged to surrender Rhuddlan and other conquests in the east.

Henry did not invade Gwynedd again and Owain was able to regain his eastern conquests, recapturing Rhuddlan castle in 1167 after a siege of three months.

Owain appears as a minor character in novels of Sharon Kay Penman concerning Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine (" When Christ and His Saints Slept " and " Time and Chance "), books which have more of an historical quality than those of Peters.

Among their grievances was the King's failure to promptly pay the soldiers ' wages, his favour towards Dunbar, his demand that the Percies hand over their Scottish prisoners, his failure to put an end to Owain Glyn Dŵr's rebellion through a negotiated settlement, his increasing promotion of his son Prince Henry's military authority in Wales, and his failure to ransom the Percies ' kinsman, Henry Percy's brother-in-law, Sir Edmund Mortimer ( 1376 – 1409 ), whom the Welsh had captured in June 1402, and who had a claim to the crown as the grandson of Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence, second surviving son of King Edward III.

Restoring Anglo-Norman supremacy in Wales proved harder, and Henry had to fight two campaigns in north and south Wales in 1157 and 1158 before the Welsh princes Owain Gwynedd and Rhys ap Gruffydd submitted to his rule, agreeing to the pre-civil war division of lands.