* 1054 – Three Roman legates break relations between Western and Eastern Christian Churches through the act of placing an invalidly-issued Papal bull of Excommunication on the altar of Hagia Sophia during Saturday afternoon divine liturgy.

Thought reform contains elements which are evident in Chinese culture ( emphasis on interpersonal sensitivity, learning by rote and self-cultivation ); in methods of extracting confessions well known in the Papal Inquisition ( 13th century ) and elaborated through the centuries, especially by the Russian secret police ; in methods of organizing corrective prisons, mental hospitals and other institutions for producing value change ; in methods used by religious sects, fraternal orders, political elites or primitive societies for converting or initiating new members.

Pope Pius XII, wearing the traditional 1877 Papal Tiara, is carried through St Peter's Basilica on a sedia gestatoria c. 1955.

Like his predecessors, he managed the wide-ranging affairs of the church through Papal Legates.

Papal finances were also improved through reviving the public lottery, which had been suppressed by the severe morality of Benedict XIII.

Over time, however, Papal dependence on the Holy Roman Emperor was loosened through the quarrels of Louis the Pious and his sons, the future emperor Lothair I, Pepin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German.

Gregory also helped his son to become a powerful feudatary through the acquisition of the Duchy of Sora, on the border between the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples.

He was a friend of the Jesuits, to whom he granted a fresh confirmation in 1550 ; and through the Papal bull, Dum sollicita of August 1552, he founded the Collegium Germanicum, and granted an annual income.

On 1 November 1478, Sixtus published the Papal bull Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, through which the Spanish Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile.

Moving south through the Papal States, his army flanked the frontline Austrian defense at Mignano, forcing them to retreat into the fortress at Capua.

Afraid that Garibaldi would set up a republican government in the south, the Sardinians petitioned Emperor Napoleon III of France for permission to send troops through the Papal States to gain control of the Two Sicilies, which was granted on the condition that Rome was left undisturbed.

This was revised in September 12, 1942, when Guadalupe became the secondary " Patroness of the Philippines " when Pope Pius XII installed the Immaculate Conception as the Principal Patroness of the Filipino people through the Papal Bull Impositi Nobis, though her feast day is still widely celebrated in the archipelago.

Much of the development of the style occurred in Italy, and it probably spread north of the Alps to influence France partly through the colony of Italian artists attached to the Papal Court at Avignon, and the works displayed from the residence there in the 1330s and 1340s of Simone Martini, a Sienese precursor of the style.

On 1 November 1478 Pope Sixtus IV published the Papal bull, Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, through which the Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile ; it was later extended to all of Spain.

The non-religious character of this system, which forbade parochial schools from issuing official degrees directly but only through a public university, harmed the relations between the Argentine State and the Catholic Church, leading to resistance from the local clergy and a heated conflict with the Holy See ( through the Papal Nuncio ).

Although the ferocity of the Norman attack took the Turks by surprise, they were unable to dislodge the Turks until a force led by Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, the Papal legate, arrived in mid-afternoon, perhaps with Raymond in the van, moving around the battle through concealing hills and across the river, outflanking the archers on the left and surprising the Turks from the rear.

Pope Pius XII, in the papal mantum and wearing the 1877 Papal Tiara, is carried through St. Peter's Basilica on a sedia gestatoria.

The dispute eventually required mediation through the Papal Nuncio.

Leaving behind a reserve Army of the Interior in case of an invasion from Sicily, he sent his two elite Guard Divisions through the Papal States, forcing the Pope to flee to Genoa.

Roman Catholics may apply for a Papal blessing through their local diocese for wedding anniversaries of a special nature ( 25th, 50th, 60th, etc.

As nationalism swept the Italian Peninsula in the 19th century, efforts to unify Italy were blocked in part by the Papal States, which ran through the middle of the peninsula and included the ancient capital of Rome.

The Papal States were able to fend off efforts to conquer them largely through the pope's influence over the leaders of stronger European powers such as France and Austria.

A combined Swiss and Papal force moved north from Milan to block the Alpine passes against him, but Francis, following the advice of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, avoided the main passes and marched instead through the valley of the Stura.

) Still a member of the laity, he became Cardinal deacon in 1402 and Papal legate in Forlì in 1403.

In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided the Prussian lands of the Order's State into four dioceses, whereby the bishops retained the secular rule over about on third of the original territory:

A 20, 000 strong army under Papal legate William of Modena crossed the frozen sea while the Saaremaa fleet was icebound, in January 1227.

His brother Alessandro was cardinal and Papal legate, and another brother, Ferdinando ( died March 4, 1660 ) acquired the assets of the other line of San Gemini.

Gregory also promoted the Church in northern Europe ; he supported the continuing mission of Saint Boniface in Germany, elevating him to the rank of archbishop of Germany in 732, and after a personal visit to Rome from Boniface in 737, where he was meant to attend a synod which does not appear to have been held, Gregory made Boniface a Papal legate in Germany, and asked him to reorganize the Episcopal sees in Germany.

The Pope dispatched a Papal legate to the Frankish nobles, instructing them to acknowledge Louis, and to cease their rebellious actions against him, under threat of excommunication.

On October 17, 1739, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, legate ( papal governor ) of Ravenna who in 1739, aiding certain rebels, possibly contrary to the orders of Pope Clement XII, used military force to occupy the country, imposed a new constitution, and endeavored to force the Sanmarinesi to submit to the government of the Papal States.

Niccolò de Romanis ( died 1218 ) was an Italian cardinal and Papal legate.

1 ) from the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and Papal legate St. Albert of Jerusalem.

Paschal advised the emperor that the decision had been made to avoid factional strife in Rome, and his papal legate Theodore returned with a document titled Pactum cum Pashali pontiff, in which the Emperor congratulated Paschal, recognized his sovereignty over the Papal States and guaranteed the free election of future pontiffs.

In the absence of a crown ( the crown had recently been lost with all the rest of his father's treasure in a wreck in East Anglia ) a simple golden band was placed on the young boy's head, not by the Archbishop of Canterbury ( who was at this time supporting Prince Louis " the Lion ", the future king of France ) but by another clergyman — either Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, or Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, the Papal legate.

In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors to pay him honour ; and, when papal legates sought to coerce it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with Pope Urban V in 1369 ; in 1370 the noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of Bologna and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate ; however the vicar-general of the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of Gregory IX, was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground.

The Rienzo episode engendered renewed attempts from the absentee papacy to re-establish order in the dissolving Papal States, resulting in the military progress of Cardinal Egidio Albornoz, who was appointed papal legate, and his condottieri heading a small mercenary army.

Pope Alexander IV appointed him as Papal legate north of the Carpathians in 1256 and appointed him as the Bishop of Łuków.

" Indeed, when a Papal legate ( Pelagio Galvani, Cardinal Bishop of Albano ) arrived in Constantinople in 1213 and began to imprison Orthodox clergy and to close churches on the orders of Pope Innocent III, Henry countermanded the orders on the request of the city's Greek clergy.

Pedro de Luna, a Papal legate to the realms of Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre, pronounced the betrothal in Elvas on 14 May, and the wedding ceremony took place on 17 May at the Cathedral of Badajoz.

At a supreme military council called by Hunyadi during the night, the Papal legate, cardinal Julian Cesarini, insisted on a quick withdrawal.

An expansive Catholic hierarchy was established, under the dual supervision of the Latin archbishop of Constantinople and the Papal legate, until the two offices were merged in 1231.

In the aftermath of Northern Crusades William of Modena as Papal legate solved the disputes between the crusaders in Livonia and Prussia.

After much political pressure, and a challenge to a trial by combat by Guy III of Senlis ( which he refused ), Humphrey consented to an ecclesiastical annulment by Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, who was Papal legate, and Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais, who was a second-cousin of Conrad.

This is the sense of the word that survives in the phrase Papal legate.

At first in 1147 the Papal legate Humbold recognized Bolesław as the new High Duke and overlord of Poland.

However, one year later, and again instigated by the intrigues of Władysław's wife Agnes, the newly Papal legate Guy arrived to the country in connection with the refusal to restore the former High Duke, and declared the ban over Poland.