Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Despite being deprived of his French troops after the conquest of those two cities, Borgia returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph and to receive the title of Papal Gonfalonier from his father.

The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848, and Louis Napoleon sent a 14, 000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him.

In addition, French mobilization for the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 – 1871 made it necessary for Napoleon III to withdraw his troops from Rome and The Papal States.

In 1363 he excommunicated Bernabò Visconti, the last great figure of Ghibellinism in northern Italy, who occupied the Papal city of Bologna and valiantly resisted the troops of Cardinal Gil de Albornoz, the Vicar of the Papal States at the time.

His protector Ladislaus sent a squad of troops to quell the riots, and by January 1406 the Romans again acknowledged Papal temporal authority, and Innocent VII felt able to return.

* February 2 – French troops occupy the Papal States ( Vatican ).

* February – March – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops.

With Manfred's troops advancing on the Papal States, Charles obtained an extensive renegotiation of the treaty on more favorable lines.

These concessions also were due to the invasion of the Papal States by the former Papal condottiero Niccolò Fortebraccio and the troops of Filippo Maria Visconti led by Niccolò Piccinino in retaliation for Eugene's support to Florence and Venice against Milan ( see also Wars in Lombardy ).

Afraid that Garibaldi would set up a republican government in the south, the Sardinians petitioned Emperor Napoleon III of France for permission to send troops through the Papal States to gain control of the Two Sicilies, which was granted on the condition that Rome was left undisturbed.

The Papal troops under Lamoricière advanced against Cialdini, but were quickly defeated and besieged in the fortress of Ancona, finally surrendering on September 29.

On 17 March 1831, while fleeing Italy due to a crackdown on revolutionary activity by Papal and Austrian troops, Louis-Napoléon's brother, suffering from measles, died in his arms.

As President of the Republic, Louis-Napoléon sent French troops to help restore Pope Pius IX as ruler of the Papal States in 1849 after his rule had been overthrown by the revolutionaries led by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi who had proclaimed the Roman Republic ( although as a Carbonaro he had been involved in plotting a similar revolt in the Papal States during his youth in Italy ).

The Catholics were commanded by the Duke d ' Anjou ( later King Henry III ) and assisted by troops from Spain, the Papal States, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

In 1870, when Prussia defeated the Second French Empire during the Franco-Prussian War, Italian forces took advantage of the repatriation of the French troops from Rome and overwhelmed what remained of the Papal States.

In 1627 the French withdrew from the Valtellina valley, which was then occupied by Papal troops.

The brief rule by the Forlivese Ordelaffi was crushed in 1357 by Papal troops led by Cardinal Gil de Albornoz, after a long siege heroically endured by Cia degli Ordelaffi, wife of the Lord of Forlì.

Soderini was repudiated in September 1512, when Cardinal Giovanni de Medici captured Florence with Papal troops during the War of the League of Cambrai.

Without the French Emperor's protection, the Papal States and Rome fell to invading Piedmontese troops.

In various skirmishers with Papal troops around Ferrara, Bayard continued to win renown.

The council's main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy.

After received the support of the archbishop of Milan, Giovanni Visconti, and of those of Pisa, Florence and Siena, he started a campaign against Giovanni di Vico, lord of Viterbo, who had usurped much of the Papal territories in the Latium and Umbria.

The previous battles had largely been caused by attempts to destroy castles and sea trade routes and gain economic advantage in the region, and the crusade basically continued this pattern of conflict, albeit now inspired and prescribed by the Pope and undertaken by Papal knights and armed monks.

Later Catholics who disagreed with the doctrine of Papal Infallibility as made official by the First Vatican Council ( 1870 ) had no bishop and so joined with Utrecht to form the Union of Utrecht.

His son Virginio was a famous admiral for the Papal States and France, but in 1539 he had his fiefs confiscated under the charge of treason.

His successor raised Benedict XIII's nephew, Prince Beroaldo Orsini, to the dignity of Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne ( title held until 1958 ), after the emperor Charles VI had already, in 1724, made him a prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

His grandfather, Marcantonio Pacelli, had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under Pope Pius IX from 1851 – 70 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper, L ' Osservatore Romano in 1861.

The famous bust of her, inscribed Johannes VIII, Femina ex Anglia, which had been carved for the series of Papal figures in the Duomo di Siena about 1400 and was noted by travelers, was either destroyed or recarved and relabeled, replaced by a male figure, of Pope Zachary.

Although Pope Callixtus II had made him Papal Legate of a number of Spanish provinces, Honorius informed Diego that he had been made aware of Diego ’ s ambitions and subtly advised him to keep his ambition in check.

The government was effectively held in his lieu by Cardinal Niccolò Coscia, who had been Benedict's secretary when he was archbishop of Benevento, and who committed a long series of financial abuses at his own advantage, causing the ruin of the Papal treasure.

The main effect of the bull was to evict Jews who had returned to areas of the Papal States ( mainly Umbria ) after 1586 ( following their expulsion in 1569 ) and to expel Jewish communities from cities like Bologna ( which had been incorporated under papal dominion since 1569 ).

The bull also alleged that Jews in the Papal States had engaged in usury and exploited the hospitality of Clement VIII's predecessors " who, in order to lead them from their darkness to knowledge of the true faith, deemed it opportune to use the clemency of Christian piety towards them " ( alluding to Christiana pietas ).

Under Pope Benedict XIII ( 1724 – 30 ), the finances of the Papal States had been delivered into the hands of Cardinal Niccolò Coscia and other members of the curia, who had drained the financial resources of the see.

Papal finances were also improved through reviving the public lottery, which had been suppressed by the severe morality of Benedict XIII.

" Choiseul's suggestion, advanced to the other ambassadors, was that they should press, in addition to the Jesuit issue, territorial claims upon the Patrimony of Peter: the cession of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin to France ; to Spain the duchies of Benevento and Pontecorvo ; for Naples an extension of territory adjoining the Papal States ; and for Austria an immediate and final settlement of the vexed question of Parma and Piacenza that had occasioned a diplomatic rift with Pope Clement XIII.

In Burgundy and in Italy the imperial investiture would take place after the consecration ceremony, while in the Papal States the pope alone had the right of investiture, without any interference on the part of the Emperor.

Feeling his death approaching, he asked that he might be moved from the Papal Palace to the nearby residence of his brother, Angel, whom he had made a cardinal, that he might be close to those he loved.

During the march, Urban fell from his mule at Narni and had to recover in early October in Rome, where he was able to oust the communal rule of the banderesi and restore the Papal authority.

He canonised Elizabeth of Portugal and Andrew Corsini and issued the Papal bulls of canonisation for Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier who had been canonized by his predecessor, Gregory XV.

* 1870 – Having invaded the Papal States a week earlier, the Italian Army lays siege to Rome, entering the city the next day, after which the Pope described himself as a Prisoner in the Vatican.

Two years later, the Papal States as a whole were invaded by French forces, who declared a Roman Republic.

The Papal States were restored in June 1800 and Pope Pius VII returned, but the French again invaded in 1808, and this time the remainder of the States of the Church were annexed to France, forming the départements of Tibre and Trasimène.

The nascent Kingdom of Italy invaded and occupied the Papal States of central Italy in 1860, and Rome itself in 1870.

On 18 July 880, Pope John VIII sent a letter to Guy II of Spoleto to seek peace, but the duke ignored him and invaded the Papal States.

Was no longer functioning by the reign of Charles I of England, when compulsory attendance at Christ's Hospital was enforced, despite continued Papal adherence by locals -- this was to be broken entirely by Parliament's alliance with the Scottish Solemn League and Covenant that invaded the village.

In 1407, trying to taking advantage of the feebler personality of the new pope, Gregory XII, Ladislaus invaded the Papal States and conquered Ascoli Piceno and Fermo.

The league's troops, under Muzio Attendolo, Braccio da Montone and other condottieri, invaded the Papal lands under Ladislaus ' control and moved to Rome ; Orsini, left by Ladislaus to protect the city, switched to them with 2, 000 men.

For a long time, the Pope required Catholics not to participate in the public life of the Kingdom of Italy that had invaded the Papal States to complete the unification of Italy, leaving the pope confined in the Vatican.

French forces had invaded the Papal States partly in revenge for the death of French general Mathurin-Léonard Duphot in 1797.

In the meanwhile Garibaldi had invaded Sicily with his Redshirts, and King Victor Emmanuel decided at last that he too must intervene ; Fanti was given the chief command of a strong Italian force which invaded the Papal States, seized Ancona and other fortresses, and defeated the Papal army at Castelfidardo, where the enemy's commander, General Lamorciere, was captured.

In 1862 he was with Garibaldi at Aspromonte ; in 1866 he commanded a volunteer brigade against Austria ; in 1867 he invaded the Papal States from the south, but the defeat of Garibaldi at Mentana put an end to his enterprise.

When Attila invaded Italy, Pope Leo I went to Northern Italy to meet the Great Pehlivan and pay him off to spare Rome and abandon Papal Soil.

In 774, upon a Papal invitation, the Franks invaded the Kingdom of Italy and finally annexed the Lombards ; as a reward the Frankish king Charlemagne received papal support.

After 960, he even invaded the Papal States under Pope John XII, on whose appeal finally KIng Otto, aiming at his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor, again marched against Italy.