Papyrus () is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt.

Papyrus sedge forms vast stands in swamps, shallow lakes, and along stream banks throughout the wetter parts of Africa, but it has become rare in the Nile Delta.

Papyrus sedge ( C. papyrus ) of Africa was of major historical importance in providing papyrus.

* Papyrus sedge ( Cyperus papyrus ), a monocot belonging to the sedge family Cyperaceae

* Papyrus Platform – The ISIS Papyrus Platform uses BerkeleyDB for its distributed object-relational transaction kernel for adaptive content and process management in enterprise applications

The Rylands Library Papyrus P52 | Rylands Papyrus is perhaps the earliest New Testament fragment ; dated from its handwriting to about 125.

Papyrus scrolls comprised the collection, and although codices were used after 300 BC, the Alexandrian Library is never documented as having switched to parchment, perhaps because of its strong links to the papyrus trade.

Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products parchment and vellum, of significantly higher durability in moist climates, though Henri Pirenne's connection of its disappearance with the Muslim overrunning of Egypt is contended.

The Papyrus Anastasi I ( late 2nd millennium BC ) contains a satirical letter which first praises the virtues of its recipient, but then mocks the reader's meagre knowledge and achievements.

The oldest extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century CE, and the Aleppo Codex ( once the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic Text, but now missing its Torah section ) dates from the 10th century. The Nash Papyrus ( 2nd century BCE ) contains a portion of a pre-Masoretic Text, specifically the Ten Commandments and the Shema Yisrael prayer.

Here, as Papyrus Wilbour notes in its wealth of taxation records and land assessments, the temple of Nephthys was a specific foundation by Ramesses II, located in close proximity to ( or within ) the precinct of the enclosure of Set.

Very early examples are Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in the Papyrus of Ani in approximately 1250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC.

Papyrus itself was evidently costly, as there are many instances of its re-use in everyday documents, creating palimpsests.

Ronald Cameron states: " Since Papyrus Egerton 2 displays no dependence upon the gospels of the New Testament, its earliest possible date of composition would be sometime in the middle of the first century, when the sayings and stories which underlie the New Testament first began to be produced in written form.

A recently-discovered epigram of Macedonian Poseidippus, in the anthology represented in the Milan Papyrus, takes as its inspiration a bronze portrait of Alexander:

Papyrus Mallet is a six column text dealing partly with agricultural affairs ; its first column lists the prices for various commodities between Year 31 of Ramesses III until Year 3 of Ramesses IV.

The Rylands Library Papyrus P52, also known as the St. John's fragment, is a fragment from a papyrus codex, measuring only 3. 5 by 2. 5 inches ( 8. 9 by 6 cm ) at its widest ; and conserved with the Rylands Papyri at the John Rylands University Library ( Gr. P. 457 ), Manchester, UK.

Papyrus 46 ( in the Gregory-Aland numbering ), designated by siglum < sup > 46 </ sup >, is one of the oldest extant New Testament manuscripts in Greek, written on papyrus, with its ' most probable date ' between 175-225.

* The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( RMP ) dates from the Second Intermediate Period ( circa 1650 BC ), but its author, Ahmes, identifies it as a copy of a now lost Middle Kingdom papyrus.

For instance, in Ancient Egypt, the Edwin Smith Papyrus contains an early description of the brain, and some speculations on its functions ( though in a medical / surgical context ).

The site of Abusir may have been chosen due to its proximity to Sakhebu, a locality mentioned in various sources such as the Westcar Papyrus as a cult center of Re.

* Yale Papyrus Collection — numbers over six thousand inventoried items and is cataloged, digitally scanned, and accessible online for close study.

A myth about the Eye, known from allusions in the Coffin Texts from the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2055 – 1650 BC ) and a more complete account in the Bremner-Rhind Papyrus from the Late Period ( 664 – 332 BC ), demonstrates the Eye's close connection with Ra and Atum and her ability to act independently.

Papyrus has a life of at most a century or two in relatively moist Italian or Greek conditions ; only those works copied onto parchment, usually after the general conversion to Christianity, have survived, and by no means all of those.

Some of these fragments have even been thought to date as early as the 2nd century ( i. e., Papyrus 90, Papyrus 98, Papyrus 104, and famously Rylands Library Papyrus P52, though the early date of the latter has recently been called into question ).

The Milan Papyrus, recovered from a dismantled mummy casing and published in 2001, has revealed the high esteem in which the poet Posidippus of Pella, an important composer of epigrams ( 3rd century BC ), held Sappho's " divine songs ".

It has also been demonstrated through the Great Harris Papyrus, which states that a statue of the goddess was made alongside those of Ptah and their son, the god Nefertem, during the reign of Rameses III, and that it was commissioned for the gods of Memphis at the heart of the great temple.

( Papyrus 45 is the oldest extant manuscript that contains text from Mark, but it has no text from chapter 16 due to extensive damage ).

The more famous Rhind Papyrus has been dated to approximately 1650 BCE but it is thought to be a copy of an even older scroll.

Unlike the Papyrus sims, the physics are easily modified, and a large community has developed dedicated to modifying the ISI sims.

David Kaemmer, co-founder of the now-defunct Papyrus, has released iRacing, a new multiplayer-oriented simulation run on a subscription model.

The early date for < sup > 52 </ sup > favoured by many New Testament scholars has been challenged by Andreas Schmidt, who favours a date around 170 AD, plus or minus twenty-five years ; on the basis of a comparison with Chester Beatty Papyrus X and with the redated Egerton Gospel.

At present, only Thijs ' proposal that Papyrus BM 10054 dates to Year 10 of the Whm-Mswt ( or Year 28 proper of Ramesses XI ) has been confirmed by other scholars such as Von Beckerath and Annie Gasse — the latter in a JEA 87 ( 2001 ) paper which studied several newly discovered fragments belonging to this document.

The Turin Accounting Papyrus 1907 + 1908 is dated to Year 7 III Shemu day 26 of his reign and has been reconstructed to show that 11 full years passed from Year 5 of Ramesses VI to Year 7 of his reign.

However, Takelot II's brief 25th year is attested by a donation stela made by his son in his position as High Priest at Thebes shortly before Takelot died ; it granted 35 aurourae of land to Takelot II's daughter, Karomama E. Papyrus Berlin 3048 has also now been conclusively dated to Takelot II's ( and not Takelot III's ) reign due to the attestation of a certain Harsiese — designated the fourth prophet of Amun — in this document who is known to have served in office during king Takelot II's reign.

Since Erman's first attempt at a complete translation in 1890, the Westcar Papyrus has been translated numerous times, resulting in different outcomes.

The most recent translations and linguistic investigations by Miriam Lichtheim and Verena Lepper reveal interesting writing and spelling elements hidden in the text of the Papyrus, which has led them to a new evaluation of the individual stories.

Papyrus is relatively fragile, and though used all over the classical world has only survived when buried in the very dry conditions of Egypt, and even then is often in poor condition.

Claire Clivaz has suggested that Papyrus 69 should be regarded ' as a witness to a Marcionite edition of Luke's Gospel '.

) It has also been suggested that Osarseph, may be a memory of Irsu, the self made man castigated in the Harris Papyrus.

The Papyrus Museum, located in the library in the Neue Burg wing of the Hofburg Palace, has around 200 objects from the collection on display.