However, these divisions in Parsons ' theory are the more formal ways in which the evolutionary process is conceptualized, and should not be mistaken for Parsons ' actual theory.

The term originates from Bertalanffy's general system theory ( GST ) and is used in later efforts in other fields, such as the action theory of Talcott Parsons and the system-theory of Niklas Luhmann.

When not actively performing The Wizard busies himself checking the validity of his cosmology or " theory of everything " which includes elements found in such thinkers as the philosopher Whitehead, the sociologist Parsons, the physicist Prigogine, the systems analyst Jantsch and the biologist Sheldrake.

Philosophical action theory, or the philosophy of action, should not be confused with sociological theories of social action, such as the action theory established by Talcott Parsons.

His Ph. D. thesis from topological graph theory was written under the guidance of Torrence Parsons.

Early work in medical sociology was conducted by Lawrence J Henderson whose theoretical interests in the work of Vilfredo Pareto inspired Talcott Parsons interests in sociological systems theory.

Parsons is one of the founding fathers of medical sociology, and applied social role theory to interactional relations between sick people and others.

From this perspective we can identify three major theoretical frameworks: pluralism, elite or managerial theory, and class analysis ( which overlaps with Marxist analysis ).< ref > Bentley, Peter, Arnold Rose, Talcott Parsons, and Neil Smelser.

Talcott Parsons was heavily influenced by Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, synthesizing much of their work into his action theory, which he based on the system-theoretical concept and the methodological principle of voluntary action.

He fundamentally agreed with Parsons ’ theory.

Merton tended to emphasize middle range theory rather than a grand theory, meaning that he was able to deal specifically with some of the limitations in Parsons ’ theory.

The refutation of the second criticism of functionalism, that it is static and has no concept of change, has already been articulated above, concluding that while Parsons ’ theory allows for change, it is an orderly process of change 1961: 38, a moving equilibrium.

Therefore referring to Parsons ’ theory of society as static is inaccurate.

However, Parsons drew directly on many of Durkheim ’ s concepts in creating his theory.

Lockwood Holmwood, 2005: 101, in line with conflict theory, suggested that Parsons ’ theory missed the concept of system contradiction.

Gouldner Holmwood, 2005: 103 thought that Parsons ’ theory specifically was an expression of the dominant interests of welfare capitalism, that it justified institutions with reference to the function they fulfill for society.

* Parsons, T., ( 1961 ) Theories of Society: foundations of modern sociological theory, Free Press, New York

Further, recent Meinongians such as Terence Parsons and Roderick Chisholm have established the consistency of a Meinongian theory of objects, while others ( e. g., Karel Lambert ) have defended the usefulness of such a theory.

Theoretical concerns, influences and resources used in the development of ethnomethodology include: traditional sociological concerns, especially the Parsonian Parsons, " Problem of Order "; traditional sociological theory and methods, primarily Parsons, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber ; Aron Gurwitsch's phenomenological field theory of consciousness / Gestalt Psychology ; the Transcendental Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ; Alfred Schutz's Phenomenology of the Natural Attitude ; Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of embodiment, Martin Heidegger's phenomenology of being / Existential Phenomenology ; and Ludwig Wittgenstein's investigations regarding ordinary language use ( Heritage: 1986 ; Garfinkel: 2002 ).

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic describes Parsons as " enormously influential " for both country and rock, " blending the two genres to the point that they became indistinguishable from each other.

Fenton judges the Parsons based on their attractiveness and is agitated when they do not “ fulfil stereotypical female roles ,” as author Anne Cranny-Francis describes it ( Feminist Science Fiction, 30 ).

* Denis Parsons Burkitt first describes Burkitt's lymphoma.

Gail Godwin describes it as " much more sentimental than the usual Alan Parsons.

After completing his studies, Parsons got a job working as a legal clerk on a case at the Greenock shipyards, which he describes as " the most tedious thing I'd ever done.

Jeffrey Alexander ( 1985 ) sees functionalism as a broad school rather than a specific method or system, such as Parsons, who is capable of taking equilibrium ( stability ) as a reference-point rather than assumption and treats structural differentiation as a major form of social change.

In the U. S., the emphasis was initially on change as an aspect of progress, but Talcott Parsons refocused on society as a system immersed in a constant process of increased differentiation, which he saw as a process in which new institutions take over the tasks necessary in a society to guarantee its survival as the original monolithic institutions break up.

Following Parsons, this concept of differentiation has been widely applied.

Talcott Parsons argued that the forces of societal differentiation and the following pattern of institutionalized individualization would strongly diminish the role of class ( as a major stratification factor ) as social evolution went along.

The telescope was built between 1975 and 1978 ; the mechanical systems were built by Dunford Hadfields of Sheffield and the optics by Grubb Parsons of Newcastle.

The Balance systems were originally intended to be sold to OEMs as computing engines, ( initial super workstation designs did not support shared memory according to Ron Parsons ), but that market could not be developed.

The landscape architect and engineer in charge of the newly named " Garden State Parkway " was Gilmore David Clarke, of the architectural firm of Parsons, Brinkerhof, Hall and MacDonald, who had worked with Robert Moses on the parkway systems around New York City.

To reach a " perfect " equilibrium was not any serious theoretical question in Parsons analysis of social systems, indeed, the most dynamic societies had generally cultural systems with important inner tensions like the US and India.

Faced with the daunting task of building such a system, in the spring of 1949 Parsons turned to Gordon S. Brown's Servomechanisms Laboratory at MIT, which was a world leader in mechanical computing and feedback systems.

By 1951, Parsons places these earlier ideas firmly into the realm of formal systems theory in The Social System.

Ritzer and Goodman ( 2004 ) summarize Parsons view, " Parsons saw these action systems acting at different levels of analysis, starting with the behavioral organism and building to the cultural system.

Archer reads this same myth through Pitirim Sorokin's influence and then Talcott Parsons ' approach to cultural systems ( 2004: 3 ).

* Talcott Parsons ; whose ' action theory ' attempted to unify the influence of macro and micro factors, in relation to a higher epistemological context of systems theory and cybernetics.

The most comprehensive attempt to develop a general theory of social evolution centering on the development of socio-cultural systems was done by Talcott Parsons on a scale which included a theory of world-history.

Talcott Parsons, author of Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives ( 1966 ) and The System of Modern Societies ( 1971 ) divided evolution into four subprocesses: ( 1 ) division, which creates functional subsystems from the main system ; ( 2 ) adaptation, where those systems evolve into more efficient versions ; ( 3 ) inclusion of elements previously excluded from the given systems ; and ( 4 ) generalization of values, increasing the legitimization of the ever more complex system.

Local systems would network with each other on a demand basis ( due to the work of David Parsons ), while the long haul network was serviced late at night.

* Talcott Parsons, author of Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives ( 1966 ) and The System of Modern Societies ( 1971 ) divided evolution into four subprocesses: 1 ) division, which creates functional subsystems from the main system, 2 ) adaptation, where those systems evolve into more efficient versions, 3 ) inclusion of elements previously excluded from the given systems and 4 ) generalization of values, increasing the legitimization of the ever more complex system.

Early waterjet cutting systems adapted traditional systems such as mechanical pantographs and CNC systems based on John Parsons ’ 1952 NC milling machine and running G-Code.