The first theoretical description of metals was given by Paul Drude in 1900 with the Drude model, which explained electrical and thermal properties by describing a metal as an ideal gas of then-newly discovered electrons.

* 1863 – Paul Drude, German physicist ( d. 1906 )

Early models to explain the origin of the index of refraction treated an electron in an atomic system classically according to the model of Paul Drude and Hendrik Lorentz.

) A qualitative description leading to Ohm's law can be based upon classical mechanics using the Drude model developed by Paul Drude in 1900.

Paul Drude suggested that this could possibly be a connection with some theories of Carl Gottfried Neumann and Hugo von Seeliger, who proposed some sort of absorption of gravity in open space.

The Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials ( especially metals ).

* Paul Karl Ludwig Drude ( 1900 – 1906 ) ( as Annalen der Physik )

Paul Karl Ludwig Drude ( July 12, 1863 – July 5, 1906 ) was a German physicist specializing in optics.

da: Paul Drude

de: Paul Drude

es: Paul Drude

eu: Paul Drude

fr: Paul Drude

it: Paul Drude

ht: Paul Drude

hu: Paul Drude

pl: Paul Drude

pt: Paul Drude

sv: Paul Drude

The most commonly used grading systems are the Fontainebleau system which ranges from 1 to 8c +, and the John Sherman V-grade system, beginning at V0 and increasing by integers to a current top grade of proposed V16 ( The Wheel of Life by Dai Koyamada in the Grampians, Australia ; The Game, by Daniel Woods, Boulder Canyon, CO ; Lucid Dreaming, by Paul Robinson.

Paul and Barnabas proposed that gentiles be allowed into the community without being circumcised.

Paul Verhoef, the then current satellite navigation program manager at the European Commission indicated that this limited funding would have serious consequences commenting at one point " To give you an idea, that would mean that for three weeks in the year you will not have satellite navigation " in reference to the currently proposed 18 vehicle constellation.

Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction ; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Metchnikoff.

In 1980, Julian Simon repeatedly challenged environmental scientists to bet against him on trends in prices of commodities, asserting that humanity would never run out of anything ... Paul and the other scientists knew that the five metals in the proposed wager were not critical indicators and said so at the time ...

In 1978, Paul Thagard proposed that pseudoscience is primarily distinguishable from science when it is less progressive than alternative theories over a long period of time, and its proponents fail to acknowledge or address problems with the theory.

The word " panarchy " was invented and the concept proposed by a Belgian political economist, Paul Émile de Puydt in an article called " Panarchy " published in 1860.

Juan Alvarez de Toledo ( Bishop of Burgos ), another Imperial favorite was proposed, and he too failed, because of strong opposition from the faction of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, nephew of the late Pope Paul III and from the French.

One of the oldest and most commonly used formulations is the " transformation theory " proposed by the late Cambridge theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, which unifies and generalizes the two earliest formulations of quantum mechanics-matrix mechanics ( invented by Werner Heisenberg ) and wave mechanics ( invented by Erwin Schrödinger ).

In the early 1980s, Harvard University physicist Paul Horowitz took the next step and proposed the design of a spectrum analyzer specifically intended to search for SETI transmissions.

Gould proposed that much of the research was based more upon the racial and social prejudices of the researchers than upon their scientific objectivity ; that on occasion, researchers such as Samuel George Morton ( 1799 – 1851 ), Louis Agassiz ( 1807 – 1873 ), and Paul Broca ( 1824 – 1880 ), committed the methodological fallacy of including their personal ( a priori ) expectations to the conclusions, as part of their analytical reasoning.

Artists Julian LaVerdiere and Paul Myoda, who before September 11 were working on the 91st floor of the World Trade Center north tower on a proposed light sculpture on the giant radio antenna with Creative Time, conceived of a project called " Phantom Towers ".

Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, president of the jury, proposed an exceptional recompense for their author, and obtained from emperor Napoleon III Ingres's nomination as grand officer of the Légion d ' honneur.

The basic plot line is derived from a 1911 thought experiment in special relativity, commonly called the twin paradox, proposed by French physicist Paul Langevin.

It was proposed by Paul Fitts in 1954.

As early as March 1785, Lapérouse proposed that Paul Monneron, who had been chosen as the expedition's chief engineer, go to London to find out about the latest conclusions on the anti-scurvy measures recommended by Cook and the exchange items used by Cook in his dealings with the native peoples, and to buy scientific instruments of English manufacture.

Optimality theory was originally proposed by the linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky in 1993, and later expanded by Prince and John J. McCarthy.

Paul Ehrlich, at the beginning of the twentieth century, proposed the concept of horror autotoxicus, wherein a ' normal ' body does not mount an immune response against its own tissues.

The idea that cells were separable into individual units was proposed by Ludolph Christian Treviranus and Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer.

* Our common-sense understanding of belief is entirely wrong and will be completely superseded by a radically different theory that will have no use for the concept of belief as we know it-Known as eliminativism, this view, ( most notably proposed by Paul and Patricia Churchland ), argues that the concept of belief is like obsolete theories of times past such as the four humours theory of medicine, or the phlogiston theory of combustion.

On March 19, five members of Bouterse's political party Megacombinatie and one member of Paul Somohardjo's party Pertjajah Luhur proposed a law in the parliament, which in effect would grant amnesty for the suspects in the December Murders, including main suspect president Dési Bouterse.

In December 1871 the state of Minnesota granted all odd numbered sections of land extending along the proposed right-of-way of the St. Paul & Sioux City Railway Company to that company.

He also proposed selling the governor's mansion in St. Paul as a cost-saving measure.

An often cited model is what has come to be known as " the threshold hypothesis ," proposed by Ellis Paul Torrance, which holds that a high degree of intelligence appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for high creativity.