Papacy and monarchy: Catholic Marie de ' Medici assumes the traditional position of a vassal in a commendation ceremony at her coronation following Henry IV of France | Henry IV's assassination, as painted by Peter Paul Rubens.

Marie de Medici, Henry IV's queen, invited the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens to France, and the artist painted a number of large-scale works for the queen's Luxembourg Palace in Paris.

Paul IV's successor, Pope Pius IV, enforced the creation of other ghettos in most Italian towns, and his successor, Pope Pius V, recommended them to other bordering states.

On the death of Pope Paul IV, he was elected Pope Pius IV on 25 December 1559, and installed on 6 January 1560.

Pope Paul IV ( 1555 – 1559 ) attached him as datarius to the suite of Cardinal Carlo Carafa, Pope Pius IV ( 1559 – 1565 ) made him Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto Vecchio and sent him to the Council of Trent.

* June 28 – Pope Paul IV ( d. 1559 )

The death of Pope Paul IV and the accession of Pope Pius IV in 1559 made his position easier, and he came to live in Rome.

A first version ( the Pauline Index ) was promulgated by Pope Paul IV in 1559, and a revised and somewhat relaxed form ( the Tridentine Index ) was authorized at the Council of Trent.

The first Roman Index was printed in 1557 under the direction of Pope Paul IV ( 1555 – 1559 ), but then withdrawn for unclear reasons.

*" Index of Prohibited Books ", The Catholic Encyclopedia ( Volume VII, 1910 ): " The first Roman Index of Prohibited Books ( Index librorum prohibitorum ), published in 1559 under Paul IV, was very severe, and was therefore mitigated under that pontiff by decree of the Holy Office of 14 June of the same year.

After Stellato's death, the Catholic Church burned his heretical bones and Pope Paul IV placed his book in the first Index Librorum Prohibitorum, (" Index of Prohibited Books "), in 1559.

Designed by Pirro Ligorio in 1559, the tomb of Gian Pietro Carafa, who became Pope Paul IV in 1555, is also in the chapel.

* Pope Paul IV ( 1555 – 1559 )

With the object of assisting in this struggle, Paul IV, by Bull ( Super Universi, 12 May 1559 ), created new bishoprics in the Low Countries.

He married Clara Maria Rhüden ( 1710 – 1775 ), who was a great-great-grandchild of the Lutheran theologian of the Protestant Reformation Salomon Gesner ( 1559 – 1605 ), thereby ancestor of all later Jauchs, son of deacon Paul Gesner, who was taught by Martin Luther and consecrated by Johannes Bugenhagen.

In 1559, Pope Paul IV put these texts on the Index of Prohibited Books as perhaps compromised by Staupitz friendly relations with the early Luther.

The University of Évora, the second oldest in Portugal, was founded in the 16th century ( 1559 ) by Cardinal Infante Dom Henrique ( the future king of Portugal ), and by the Pope Paul IV, and it was delivered to the Society of Jesus.

In 1559 Pope Paul IV charged Woulfe with a special Apostolic Mission to ' to absolve all manner of lapses from the church, and chiefly heresies and schismatical faults ' and to set up Grammar schools if possible and persuade parents to send their children to them.

This petition was complied with by Pope Pius IV, January 26, 1564, in the papal bull, Benedictus Deus, which enjoins strict obedience upon all Catholics and forbids, under pain of excommunication, all unauthorized interpretation, reserving this to the Pope alone and threatens the disobedient with " the indignation of Almighty God and of his blessed apostles, Peter and Paul.

* Regimini militantis Ecclesiae was the papal bull promulgated by Pope Paul III on September 27, 1540, which gave a first approval to the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, but limited the number of its members to sixty.

The inscription declares, citing a 12 November 1548 papal bull of Pope Paul III, that God inflicts " maledictions and excommunications " on all who abandon a child of theirs whom they have the means to rear, and that they cannot be absolved unless they first refund all expenses incurred.

German peasants greet the fire and brimstone from a papal bull of Pope Paul III in Martin Luther's 1545 Depictions of the Papacy

In 2001, the physicist Blaise Agüera y Arcas and Princeton librarian Paul Needham, used digital scans of a Papal bull in the Scheide Library, Princeton, to carefully compare the same letters ( types ) appearing in different parts of the printed text.

" Ignatius ' plan of the order's organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by the bull containing the Formula of the Institute.

He is responsible for the papal bull which was subsequently incorporated into the code of canon law that regulated all conclaves for papal elections until the reforms of Pope Paul VI in the twentieth century.

However, Pope Paul III forbade enslavement of the native Americans in 1537 in his papal bull Sublimus Dei.

* September 27 – The Society of Jesus ( Jesuits ) is approved by Pope Paul III, in his bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae.

Paul III was earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on 2 June 1536, he issued a papal bull convoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537.

On 2 June 1537, Paul III promulgated the papal bull Sublimus Dei against the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the continent of America.

In order to prevent Morone from succeeding him and imposing what he believed to be his Protestant beliefs on the Church, Pope Paul IV codified the Catholic Law excluding heretics and non-Catholics from receiving or legitimately becoming Pope, in the bull Cum ex apostolatus officio.

Following the accession of the Catholic Mary I in 1553 and her marriage to Philip, Prince of Asturias in 1554, Pope Paul IV issued the papal bull " Ilius " in 1555, recognizing them as Queen and King of Ireland together with her heirs and successors.

Since the late eighteenth century, the lead bulla has been replaced with a red ink stamp of Saints Peter and Paul with the reigning Pope's name encircling the picture, though very formal letters, e. g. the bull of Pope John XXIII convoking the Second Vatican Council, still receive the lead seal.

By the bull Indulgentiarum doctrina of 1 January 1967, Pope Paul VI, responding to suggestions made at the Second Vatican Council, substantially revised the practical application of the traditional doctrine.

In the same bull, Pope Paul ordered that the official list of indulgenced prayers and good works, which had been called the Raccolta, be revised " with a view to attaching indulgences only to the most important prayers and works of piety, charity and penance ".

Because some people like Fray Bartolome de las Casas questioned not only the Crown but the Papacy at the Valladolid Controversy whether the Indians were truly men who deserved baptism, Pope Paul III in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or Sublimis Deus ( 1537 ) confirmed that the Indians and other races were deserving men, so long they became baptised.

By a papal bull — on January 12, 1633 — the society was constituted a congregation, with St Vincent de Paul as its head.

The plaque cites on a Papal bull by Paul III dated 12 November 1548, threatens " ex-communication and Curse | maledictions " for all those who, having the means to rear a child, choose to abandon him / her instead: such excommunication may not be cancelled until the culprit refunds all freights incurred to raise the baby.

On November 20, 1965, by papal bull, Pope Paul VI elevated the church to the dignity of the basilica.

To put an end to the dispute Bishop Zumárraga submitted the case to Rome, and on June 1, 1537, Pope Paul III issued the bull Altitudo divini consilii, which declared that the friars had not sinned in administering baptism in this form, but decreed that in future it should not be thus administered except in cases of urgent need.

Pope Paul III confirmed the bull on January 15, 1535.

The Roman Ghetto was established as a result of Papal bull Cum nimis absurdum, promulgated by Pope Paul IV on 14 July 1555.

Of special importance was the University of Baeza established in 1538 by a papal bull of Pope Paul III Its first rector was Saint John of Ávila and became a model for seminaries and for the schools of the Jesuits.