Named an apostle in, he and Paul the Apostle undertook missionary journeys together and defended Gentile converts against the Judaizers.

Indeed, Paul Samuelson, writing within a Keynesian framework, defended mercantilism, writing: " With employment less than full and Net National Product suboptimal, all the debunked mercantilist arguments turn out to be valid.

In response, Paul St. F. Blair defended Rand's ethical conclusions, while maintaining that his arguments might not have been approved by Rand.

" Paul Krugman and the American Historical Association defended Cronon against what they characterized as intimidation by Wisconsin Republicans.

* Herod Agrippa II ( AD 27 – 100 ), tetrarch of Chalcis who was described in Acts of the Apostles as " King Agrippa " before whom Paul of Tarsus defended himself

The former defended their decision not to be included on the grounds that their performance was ' sub-standard ', but to lend their support, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant have pledged to donate proceeds from an upcoming DVD release of Led Zeppelin to the campaign, and John Paul Jones has pledged proceeds from his current American tour with Mutual Admiration Society.

A year later, he defended his title against Paul Pender.

Zarate next won two fights by a knockout in the second and then defended it against Paul Ferreri, who lost by knockout in 12 in Los Angeles too.

Paul Hill has identified over thirty possibilities, some of which are still defended by local interest groups ( see discussion of Shelfield Hill, below ) or minority critics.

Fortresses in Alsace and along the Rhine were defended by forces under Generals of Division François Xavier Jacob Freytag, 2, 935 infantry ; Joseph Gilot, 750 cavalry ; Alexandre Paul Guerin de Joyeuse de Chateauneuf-Randon, 3, 430 infantry and 485 cavalry ; Antoine Laroche Dubouscat, 3, 001 infantry and 91 cavalry ; and Jean François Leval, 5, 640 infantry and 426 cavalry.

:" When I was still an inexperienced youth, and the suicide of Paul Lafargue and his wife Laura Marx raised such an outcry in the socialist parties, I firmly defended the principled and correct nature of their positions.

He then defended his Estonian title in 1936 by drawing a challenge match against Paul Felix Schmidt with (+ 3

" Despite being defended by her wartime commander, Paul Archard, she was sentenced to death on 7 January 1949.

Paul Crouch defended TBN's decision, stating that it is against network policy for personalities to attack each other on the air.

Paul Halsall defended Scott, claiming that " historians can't criticize filmmakers for having to make the decisions they have to make ... is not writing a history textbook ".

He successfully defended Diana, Princess of Wales's butler, Paul Burrell, against charges that Burrell had stolen some of her estate's belongings.

" In 1954, Karol Wojtyła, later Pope John Paul II, defended his doctoral thesis on " An Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing a Christian Ethics on the Basis of the System of Max Scheler.

) Raycom president Paul McTear has staunchly defended the SSA, saying it would " preserve three stations that provide important and valuable local, national and international programming to viewers in Hawaii.

Paul Pierce of the Boston Celtics being defended by LeBron James.

At his appeal before Parliament he defended his beliefs with quotes from St. John, St. Paul, and St. Augustine.

In September 1998, Hardy had his last fight, when he defended his European and Commonwealth titles against Yorkshireman, Paul Ingle, former holder of the IBF world featherweight title.

However, the Chief Justice of Queensland, Paul de Jersey defended the appointment, arguing that it was appropriate because of the apparent absence of any suggestion of political or institutional corruption.

In November 2006 they successfully defended this title against a challenge from Olga Rodionova and Paul Richardson, who had previously been competing for the USA but had recently registered as a British couple.

The German commander, Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, decided to attack Jassin in order to prevent further danger to Tanga, which lay more than 50 kilometres to the south and had previously been successfully defended against a British attack.

In recent times, its teaching has been most notably expressed in the Vatican II council documents Unitatis Redintegratio ( 1964 ), Lumen Gentium ( 1964 ), Nostra aetate ( 1965 ), an encyclical issued by Pope John Paul II: Ut Unum Sint ( 1995 ), and in a document issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Dominus Iesus in 2000.

* Centesimus Annus ( 1991 ) papal encyclical by Pope John Paul II

" The attempt by some twentieth-century Catholic theologians to present the Eucharistic change as an alteration of significance ( transignification rather than transubstantiation ) was rejected by Pope Paul VI in his 1965 encyclical letter Mysterium fidei In his 1968 Credo of the People of God, he reiterated that any theological explanation of the doctrine must hold to the twofold claim that, after the consecration, 1 ) Christ's body and blood are really present ; and 2 ) bread and wine are really absent ; and this presence and absence is real and not merely something in the mind of the believer.

* Ecclesiam Suam, an encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the Catholic Church given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, August 6, 1964, the second year of his Pontificate

The Catholic Church also has taught that faith and reason can and must work together, in the Papal encyclical letter issued by Pope John Paul II, Fides et Ratio (" Faith and Reason ").

Humanae Vitae ( Latin Of Human Life ) is an encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and issued on 25 July 1968.

Mainly because of its prohibition of all forms of artificial contraception, the encyclical was controversial, as it rejected the majority report on the subject, embracing a minority report maintaining the status quo, and Paul VI did not issue any additional encyclicals in the remaining ten years of his pontificate.

In this encyclical Paul VI reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control.

Acknowledging the controversy, Paul VI in a letter to the Congress of German Catholics ( Aug. 30, 1968 ), stated: " May the lively debate aroused by our encyclical lead to a better knowledge of God ’ s will.

John Paul II readdressed some of the same issues in his 1993 encyclical Veritatis splendor.

The authority which the magisterium enjoys by the will of Christ exists so that the moral conscience can attain the truth with security and remain in it .” John Paul quoted Humanae Vitae as a compassionate encyclical, " Christ has come not to judge the world but to save it, and while he was uncompromisingly stern towards sin, he was patient and rich in mercy towards sinners ".

The Second Vatican Council referred to all bishops as " vicars and ambassadors of Christ ", and this description of the bishops was repeated by Pope John Paul II in his encyclical Ut unum sint, 95.

However, this doctrine was rejected by Pope Paul VI in his encyclical Mysterium Fidei.

* July 25 – Pope Paul VI publishes the encyclical entitled Humanae Vitae, condemning birth control.

* March 28 – Pope Paul VI issues the encyclical Populorum Progressio.

* December 30 – Pope John Paul II issues the encyclical Sollicitudo Rei Socialis ( On Social Concern ).

* June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus, which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls who must not be enslaved or robbed.

Gregory's demand that Berengarius perform a confession of this belief was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium Fidei:

Redemptoris Missio, subtitled On the permanent validity of the Church's missionary mandate, is a papal encyclical by Pope John Paul II published on December 7, 1990 devoted to the subject of " the urgency of missionary activity " and in which he wished " to invite the Church to renew her missionary commitment

The most authoritative response to moral relativism from the Roman Catholic perspective can be found in Veritatis Splendor, an encyclical by Pope John Paul II.

In the 1979 encyclical Redemptor Hominis Pope John Paul II explained the theme of unity of Mary's Immaculate Heart with the Sacred Heart.

Another relevant document is Veritatis Splendor, a papal encyclical by Pope John Paul II, issued in 1993 to combat the relaxation of moral norms and the political corruption ( see Paragraph 98 ) that affects millions of persons.

He vehemently opposed Austrian legislation on abortion, whilst at the same time describing the publication of Pope Paul VI's encyclical condemning contraception, Humanae Vitae, as being a " tragic event ".

Pope Paul VI published an encyclical Humanae Vitae on the same topic.