It was Peirce's own maxim that " Facts cannot be explained by a hypothesis more extraordinary than these facts themselves ; and of various hypotheses the least extraordinary must be adopted.

Kenneth Turan of The Los Angeles Times praised the lack of romanticization and dramatization of the characters and reported that " Peirce and Bienen and the expert cast engage us in the actuality of these rootless, hopeless, stoned-out lives without sentimentalizing or romanticizing them " and said that " Boys Don't Cry is an exceptional — and exceptionally disturbing film ", while Mike Clarke of USA Today commended Peirce's depth of knowledge of the case and the subject matter: " Peirce seems to have researched her subject with grad-school-thesis intensity ".

But Peirce's evolving semiotic theory led him to doubt the value of logic formulated using conventional linear notation, and to prefer that logic and mathematics be notated in two ( or even three ) dimensions.

Peirce's existential graph might easily have been seminal, had history worked out differently.

Peirce's pragmatism, as method and theory of definitions and the clearness of ideas, is a department within his theory of inquiry, which he variously called " Methodeutic " and " Philosophical or Speculative Rhetoric ".

Peirce's theory of truth depends on two other, intimately related subject matters, his theory of sign relations and his theory of inquiry.

For more on Peirce's theory of truth, see the Peirce section in Pragmatic theory of truth.

Even Butler spoke of Peirce's shortcomings in handling the matter, although in more restrained language than he is reported to have used in private.

Rather than focusing on Brandon's early life and background, the screenplay was subsequently modified closer to Peirce's vision, which focused the majority of the film on the relationship between Brandon and girlfriend Lana Tisdel and the events that led to Brandon's murder.

Within Peirce's " theory of signs " the phonestheme is considered to be an " icon " rather than a " symbol " or an " index ".

" Pragmatism " and presumably " pragmaticism " were among the words in Peirce's charge in the Century Dictionary-see under " P " in the list of words at PEP-UQÀM, the Peirce Edition Project's branch at < span lang = fr > Université du Québec à Montréal ( UQÀM )</ span >, which is working on Writings v. 7: Peirce's work on the Century Dictionary.

Perhaps the first instance of an axiom or rule with the power of C2 was the " Rule of ( De ) Iteration ," combining T13 and AA = A, of C. S. Peirce's existential graphs.

In 1879, Peirce was appointed Lecturer in logic at the new Johns Hopkins University, which was strong in a number of areas that interested him, such as philosophy ( Royce and Dewey did their PhDs at Hopkins ), psychology ( taught by G. Stanley Hall and studied by Joseph Jastrow, who coauthored a landmark empirical study with Peirce ), and mathematics ( taught by J. J. Sylvester, who came to admire Peirce's work on mathematics and logic ).

Peirce's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education, which developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the 1800s.

He has also criticized in several works ( A theory of semiotics, La struttura assente, Le signe, La production de signes ) the " iconism " or " iconic signs " ( taken from Peirce's most famous triadic relation, based on indexes, icons, and symbols ), to which he purposes four modes of sign production: recognition, ostension, replica, and invention.

In Peirce's view, truth is nominally defined as a sign's correspondence to its object, and pragmatically defined as the ideal final opinion to which sufficient investigation would lead sooner or later.

Peirce's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education, which developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the 1800s.

Peirce's pragmaticist philosophy also included an extensive theory of mental representations and cognition, which he studied under the name of semiotics.

Peirce's student Joseph Jastrow continued to conduct randomized experiments throughout his distinguished career in experimental psychology, much of which would later be recognized as cognitive psychology.

The other direction, and the one he took in ' his ( 1929 ), began with the Peirce's limitation of meaning to that which makes a verifiable difference in experience.

Peirce's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education, which developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the eighteen-hundreds.

The Curry-Howard correspondence between proofs and programs relates call / cc to Peirce's law, which extends intuitionistic logic to non-constructive, classical logic: (( α → β ) → α ) → α.

Carnal consciousness, according to Peirce's synechism, does not cease quickly upon death, and is a small part of a person, for there is also social consciousness: one's spirit really does live on in others ; and there is also spiritual consciousness, which we confuse with other things, and in which one is constituted as an eternal truth " embodied by the universe as a whole ": that eternal truth " as an archetypal idea can never fail ; and in the world to come is destined to a special spiritual embodiment.

For example, in most systems of logic ( but not in intuitionistic logic ) Peirce's law ((( P → Q )→ P )→ P ) is a theorem.

Billy Barry, the fictional hero in Horace Porter's Young Aeroplane Scouts novel series of 1916 – 19, is also from Bangor, as is Edward Wozny, the protagonist in Lew Grossman's 2004 novel Codex, and Sir Kevin Dean de Courtney MacNair in Hayford Peirce's time-travel novel Napoleon Disentimed.

The NOR operator is also known as Peirce's arrow — Charles Sanders Peirce introduced the symbol ↓ for it, and demonstrated that the logical NOR is completely expressible: by combining uses of the logical NOR it is possible to express any logical operation on two variables.

Peirce's pragmatism, that is, pragmaticism, differed in Peirce's view from other pragmatisms by its commitments to the spirit of strict logic, the immutability of truth, the reality of infinity, and the difference between ( 1 ) actively willing to control thought, to doubt, to weigh reasons, and ( 2 ) willing not to exert the will, willing to believe.

Peirce's pragmatism is about conceptions of objects.

Peirce's pragmaticism, in the strict sense, is about the conceptual elucidation of conceptions into such meanings — about how to make our ideas clear.

Rather, Peirce's pragmatic maxim is the heart of his pragmatism as a method of experimentational mental reflection arriving at conceptions in terms of conceivable confirmatory and disconfirmatory circumstances — a method hospitable to the generation of explanatory hypotheses, and conducive to the employment and improvement of verification to test the truth of putative knowledge.

Peirce proposed what came to be known as Peirce's Criterion for the statistical treatment of outliers, that is, of apparently extreme observations.

Schröder's influence on the early development of the predicate calculus, mainly by popularising C. S. Peirce's work on quantification, is at least as great as that of Frege or Peano.

In fact, it can be argued that a major way Peirce's ideas entered the American academy is through Royce's teaching and writing, and eventually that of his students.

Extending the pa so that it could interpret standard first-order logic has yet to be done, but Peirce's beta existential graphs suggest that this extension is feasible.

Very little in Peirce's thought can be understood in its proper light without understanding that he thinks all thoughts are signs, and thus, according to his theory of thought, no thought is understandable outside the context of a sign relation.

So Peirce's semiotic, his theory of sign relations, is key to understanding his entire philosophy of pragmatic thinking and thought.

In logic, Peirce's law is named after the philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce.

Under the Curry – Howard isomorphism, Peirce's law is the type of continuation operators, e. g. call / cc in Scheme.

Peirce's birthplace.

This opinion proved fateful, because Eliot, while President of Harvard 1869 – 1909 — a period encompassing nearly all of Peirce's working life — repeatedly vetoed Harvard's employing Peirce in any capacity.

During the 1880s, Peirce's indifference to bureaucratic detail waxed while his Survey work's quality and timeliness waned.

Peirce's efforts may also have been hampered by a difficult personality ; Brent conjectures as to further psychological difficulty.

Peirce's personal life also handicapped him.

The application was doomed ; his nemesis Newcomb served on the Institution's executive committee, and its President had been the President of Johns Hopkins at the time of Peirce's dismissal.

" ( Russell's Principia Mathematica, published from 1910 to 1913, does not mention Peirce ; Peirce's work was not widely known till later.

) A. N. Whitehead, while reading some of Peirce's unpublished manuscripts soon after arriving at Harvard in 1924, was struck by how Peirce had anticipated his own " process " thinking.

Yet Peirce's achievements were not immediately recognized.

The first scholar to give Peirce his considered professional attention was Royce's student Morris Raphael Cohen, the editor of an anthology of Peirce's writings titled Chance, Love, and Logic ( 1923 ) and the author of the first bibliography of Peirce's scattered writings.

Beginning around 1960, the philosopher and historian of ideas Max Fisch ( 1900 – 1995 ) emerged as an authority on Peirce ; Fisch ( 1986 ) includes many of his relevant articles, including a wide-ranging survey ( Fisch 1986: 422 – 48 ) of the impact of Peirce's thought through 1983.

Drawing on insights from Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics, as well as from communication theory and cybernetics, he proposed methods for the investigation of poetry, music, the visual arts, and cinema.

Peirce's definition of the term " semiotic " as the study of necessary features of signs also has the effect of distinguishing the discipline from linguistics as the study of contingent features that the world's languages happen to have acquired in the course of human evolution.

" Peirce's Theory of Signs ", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

" This statement emphasizes Peirce's view that ideas of approximation, incompleteness, and partiality, what he describes elsewhere as fallibilism and " reference to the future ", are essential to a proper conception of truth.

Peirce's Peircean Trichotomy.