Peirce said that to abduce a hypothetical explanation from an observed surprising circumstance is to surmise that may be true because then would be a matter of course.

John Shook has said, " Chauncey Wright also deserves considerable credit, for as both Peirce and James recall, it was Wright who demanded a phenomenalist and fallibilist empiricism as a vital alternative to rationalistic speculation.

( Peirce held that one cannot have absolute theoretical assurance of having actually reached the truth, and later said that the confession of inaccuracy and one-sidedness is an essential ingredient of a true abstract statement.

Peirce said that a conception's meaning consists in " all general modes of rational conduct " implied by " acceptance " of the conception — that is, if one were to accept, first of all, the conception as true, then what could one conceive to be consequent general modes of rational conduct by all who accept the conception as true ?— the whole of such consequent general modes is the whole meaning.

Then, in a surviving draft letter to Calderoni, dated by the CP editors as circa that same year 1905, Peirce said regarding his above-quoted discussion:

Indeed in the Monist article Peirce had said that the coinage " pragmaticism " was intended " to serve the precise purpose of expressing the original definition ".

In the letter to Calderoni, Peirce did not reject all significant affiliation with fellow pragmatists, and instead said " the rest of us ".

" Swank's anonymity as an actress persuaded Peirce to cast her ; Peirce said that she did not want a " known actor " to portray Teena.

Peirce later said: " Chloë just surrendered to the part.

Kenneth Turan of The Los Angeles Times praised the lack of romanticization and dramatization of the characters and reported that " Peirce and Bienen and the expert cast engage us in the actuality of these rootless, hopeless, stoned-out lives without sentimentalizing or romanticizing them " and said that " Boys Don't Cry is an exceptional — and exceptionally disturbing film ", while Mike Clarke of USA Today commended Peirce's depth of knowledge of the case and the subject matter: " Peirce seems to have researched her subject with grad-school-thesis intensity ".

In a contribution to an 1887 symposium Science and Immortality, Peirce had said that the question stood undecided on whether there is immortality or at least " a future life ", but also that science could come to shed light on the question.

She is famous for uncovering the Brandon Teena story, and her Village Voice article on the subject was said by director Kimberly Peirce to have been the original inspiration for the film " Boys Don't Cry.

Of her defence of Muslim suspects accused of terrorism, Peirce has said: We have lost our way in this country.

In his late philosophy, Peirce assumed that logical thinking aims at perceiving reality, by the triade concept, judgement and conclusion.

In an 1893 manuscript " Immortality in the Light of Synechism ," Peirce applied his doctrine of synechism to the question of the soul's immortality in order to argue in the affirmative.

According to Peirce, synechism flatly denies Parmenides ' claim that " Being is, and non-being is nothing " and declares instead that " being is a matter of more or less, so as to merge insensibly into nothing.

The objective random-assignment is used to test the significance of the null hypothesis, following the ideas of C. S. Peirce and Ronald A. Fisher.

His 1938 Logic: The Theory of Inquiry is much influenced by Peirce.

His claim ( which he attributes to Charles Sanders Peirce and John Buridan ) is that every statement includes an implicit assertion of its own truth.

Testing a hypothesis using the data that was used to specify the model is a fallacy, according to the natural science of Bacon and the scientific method of Peirce.

It is also possible to represent logical descriptions using semantic networks such as the existential Graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce or the related Conceptual Graphs of John F. Sowa.

In the nineteenth century, Charles Sanders Peirce defined what he termed " semiotic " ( which he sometimes spelled as " semeiotic ") as the " quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs ", which abstracts " what must be the characters of all signs used by ... an intelligence capable of learning by experience ", and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes.

Peirce defines truth as follows: " Truth is that concordance of an abstract statement with the ideal limit towards which endless investigation would tend to bring scientific belief, which concordance the abstract statement may possess by virtue of the confession of its inaccuracy and one-sidedness, and this confession is an essential ingredient of truth.

Although Peirce uses words like concordance and correspondence to describe one aspect of the pragmatic sign relation, he is also quite explicit in saying that definitions of truth based on mere correspondence are no more than nominal definitions, which he accords a lower status than real definitions.

John Dewey, less broadly than James but more broadly than Peirce, held that inquiry, whether scientific, technical, sociological, philosophical or cultural, is self-corrective over time if openly submitted for testing by a community of inquirers in order to clarify, justify, refine and / or refute proposed truths.

He also defines the term “ skepticism ” as he uses it and identifies two types of skeptic, the Apollonian, who is “ committed to clarity and rationality ” and the Dionysian, who is “ committed to passion and instinct .” William James, Bertrand Russell, and Friedrich Nietzsche exemplify the Apollonian skeptic, Carroll says, and Charles Sanders Peirce, Tertullian, Søren Kierkegaard, and Blaise Pascal are Dionysian skeptics.

Spade attempts to explain himself to Brigid O ' Shaughnessy with the Flitcraft parable, in which Hammett makes an oblique reference to the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, but O ' Shaughnessy has no idea what he is getting at.

Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination that, e. g., Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is among the most economical explanations for P. Simplification and economy are what call for the ' leap ' of abduction.

Abductive validation is common practice in hypothesis formation in science ; moreover, Peirce argues it is a ubiquitous aspect of thought:

Thus, in the twentieth century this collapse was reinforced by Karl Popper's explication of the hypothetico-deductive model, where the hypothesis is considered to be just " a guess " ( in the spirit of Peirce ).

Before 1900, Peirce treated abduction as the use of a known rule to explain an observation, e. g., it is a known rule that if it rains the grass is wet ; so, to explain the fact that the grass is wet ; one infers that it has rained.

The influence of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, and of early operationalists and pragmatists such as Charles Sanders Peirce, is particularly clear in the foundational ideas of general semantics.

Randomization is a core principle in statistical theory, whose importance was emphasized by Charles S. Peirce in " Illustrations of the Logic of Science " ( 1877 – 1878 ) and " A Theory of Probable Inference " ( 1883 ).

John Florian Sowa is the computer scientist who invented conceptual graphs, a graphic notation for logic and natural language, based on the structures in semantic networks and on the existential graphs of Charles S. Peirce.

Between 1859 and 1891, Peirce was intermittently employed in various scientific capacities by the United States Coast Survey, where he enjoyed his highly influential father's protection until the latter's death in 1880.

Brent documents something Peirce never suspected, namely that his efforts to obtain academic employment, grants, and scientific respectability were repeatedly frustrated by the covert opposition of a major Canadian-American scientist of the day, Simon Newcomb.

Peirce did some scientific and engineering consulting and wrote much for meager pay, mainly encyclopedic dictionary entries, and reviews for The Nation ( with whose editor, Wendell Phillips Garrison, he became friendly ).

Associated with the pragmatists, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and especially John Dewey, pragmatic ethics holds that moral correctness evolves similarly to scientific knowledge: socially over the course of many lifetimes.

For Peirce, the idea of "... endless investigation would tend to bring about scientific belief ..." fits negative pragmatism in that a negative pragmatist would never stop testing.

Peirce emphasized fallibilism, considered the assertion of absolute certainty a barrier to inquiry, and in 1901 defined truth as follows: " Truth is that concordance of an abstract statement with the ideal limit towards which endless investigation would tend to bring scientific belief, which concordance the abstract statement may possess by virtue of the confession of its inaccuracy and one-sidedness, and this confession is an essential ingredient of truth .".

Peirce emphasized that a supposition of reality and truth seems to be the only way to explain scientific progress and to justify the scientific practice of seeking explanations of regularities in better theories.

That let Peirce frame scientific inquiry not only as a special kind of inquiry in a broader spectrum, but also, like inquiry generally, as based on actual doubts, not mere verbal doubts ( such as hyperbolic doubt ), which he held to be fruitless, and it let him also frame it, by the same stroke, as requiring that proof rest on propositions free from actual doubt, rather than on ultimate and absolutely indubitable propositions.

Peirce held that, in practical affairs, slow and stumbling ratiocination is often dangerously inferior to instinct and traditional sentiment, and that the scientific method is best suited to theoretical research, which in turn should not be bound to the other methods and to practical ends ; reason's " first rule " is that, in order to learn, one must desire to learn and, as a corollary, must not block the way of inquiry.

Starting from the idea that people seek not truth per se but instead to subdue irritating, inhibitory doubt, Peirce shows how, through the struggle, some can come to submit to truth, seek as truth the guidance of potential practice correctly to its given goal, and wed themselves to the scientific method.

Peirce as the broad logical and scientific study of dynamic sign action in humans as well as elsewhere in nature ) to answer questions about the biological emergence of meaning, intentionality and a psychical world.

Inquiry includes all forms of belief revision and logical inference, including scientific method, what Peirce here means by " the right method of transforming signs ".

Truth is defined, for Peirce, as what would be the ultimate outcome ( not any outcome in real time ) of inquiry by a ( usually scientific ) community of investigators.

John Dewey, less broadly than William James but much more broadly than Charles Peirce, held that inquiry, whether scientific, technical, sociological, philosophical or cultural, is self-corrective over time if openly submitted for testing by a community of inquirers in order to clarify, justify, refine and / or refute proposed truths.

Long-run scientific pragmatism was defended by Charles Sanders Peirce.

Fallibilism is a modern, fundamental perspective of the scientific method, as put forth by Karl Popper and Charles Sanders Peirce, that all knowledge is, at best, an approximation, and that any scientist must always stipulate this in his research and findings.

This conference was also the culmination of the struggle between Einstein and the scientific realists, who wanted strict rules of scientific method as laid out by Charles Peirce and Karl Popper, versus Bohr and the instrumentalists, who wanted looser rules based on outcomes.