The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) is merely a harmless passenger virus.

Mullis has drawn controversy for his association with prominent AIDS denialist Peter Duesberg, claiming that AIDS is an arbitrary diagnosis only used when HIV antibodies are found in a patient's blood.

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In 1987 Peter Duesberg questioned the link between HIV and AIDS in the journal Cancer Research.

There is broad scientific consensus that HIV is the cause of AIDS, but some individuals reject this consensus, including biologist Peter Duesberg, biochemist David Rasnick, journalist / activist Celia Farber, conservative writer Tom Bethell, and intelligent design advocate Phillip E. Johnson.

However, following an interaction with prominent AIDS denialist Peter Duesberg in 1994, she began to question whether HIV causes AIDS.

The advisory board of Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives includes many prominent AIDS denialists, such as Harvey Bialy, Peter Duesberg, Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, and David Rasnick.

Peter Leeson argues that " the case for anarchy derives its strength from empirical evidence, not theory.

Peter Krentz argues that " the ideology of hoplitic warfare as a ritualized contest developed not in the 7th century, but only after 480, when non-hoplite arms began to be excluded from the phalanx ".

Peter W. Edbury, on the other hand, argues that William, as well as the thirteenth-century authors who continued William's chronicle in French and were allied to Raymond's supporters in the Ibelin family, cannot be considered impartial.

Peter Raby argues that the three-act structure is more effective, and that the shorter original text is more theatrically resonant than the expanded published edition.

On the other hand, Peter Corning argues " Must the synergies be perceived / observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim?

Peter Trickett, for example, argues in Beyond Capricorn that the Portuguese explorer Cristóvão de Mendonça reached New Zealand in the 1520s.

Professor Peter Willetts, from the University of London, argues the definition of NGOs can be interpreted differently by various organizations and depending on a situation ’ s context.

Philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics.

The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics.

* Corporation is not a Person, a Home is not an Investment from The Popular Capitalist View by Carl Peter Klapper, argues that corporations are governments whose scope of operations should be limited to the state in which they are registered and whose authority should be inferior to popularly elected governments.

Peter Cowie argues that the film shows " a romanticized view " of the borough, with the camera " linger on the Upper East Side and where the fear of crime does not trouble its characters.

In his 1980 essay The Bilderberg and the West, researcher Peter Thompson argues that the Bilderberg group is a meeting ground for top executives from the world ’ s leading multinational corporations and top national political figures to consider jointly the immediate and long-term problems facing the West.

Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has approved of the generous approach in some cases, although for others he argues the purpose of the provisions was not to achieve a set of rights as broad as courts have imagined.

Albert Hogeterp argues that the Gospel's saying 12, which attributes leadership of the community to James the Just rather than to Peter, agrees with the description of the early Jerusalem church by Paul in Galatians and may reflect a tradition predating AD 70.

Another prominent position is that of philosopher Peter Singer, who argues that there are no grounds to include a being's species in considerations of whether their suffering is important in utilitarian moral considerations.

Another historian, Peter Hunter Blair, argues that Æthelburg and Edwin were married before 625, but that she did not go to Northumbria until 625.

He refers to the case of Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The School for Scandal ( 1777 ), which existed in an earlier form, also by Sheridan, in a two-part play The Slanderers and Sir Peter Teazel, which he argues contain the same type of modifications as is found in the Henry VI plays.

" Peter Gay describes Taine's reaction to the Jacobins as stigmatization, drawing on The French Revolution, in which Taine argues:

Peter Koen argues that in the FFE for incremental, platform and radical projects, three separate strategies and processes are typically involved.

Peter Dickinson argues that " Brand ' reterritorializes ' … boundaries in her writing, ( dis ) placing or ( dis ) locating the national narrative of subjectivity … into the diaspora of cross-cultural ,-racial ,-gender ,-class, and – erotic identifications.

Peter Beinart, author of The Good Fight: Why Liberals — and Only Liberals — Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, argues that the Democratic Party should return to Jackson's values in its foreign policy, criticizing current-day neoconservatives for failing to adopt Jackson's domestic policy views along with his foreign policy views.

Scene I: Sir Peter argues with his wife, Lady Teazle, refusing to be " ruined by extravagance.

Peter Singer in Democracy and Disobedience argues that compulsory voting could negate the obligation of a voter to support the outcome of the election, since voluntary participation in elections is deemed to be one of the sources of the obligation to obey the law in a democracy.

Sexologist Peter Sándor Gardos argues that his research suggests that "... the men who get most turned on by watching cum shots are the ones who have positive attitudes toward women " ( on the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex in 1992 ).

* In November 2010 the Journal Nature published an article detailing how scientists Goedele Maertens, Stephen Hare & Peter Cherepanov from Imperial College London used data collected at Diamond to advance the understanding of how HIV and other retroviruses infect human or animal cells.

It sounded like a fair enough invitation, Peter Marshall reflected, and Bang-Jensen must have thought so too, because on the thirteenth, he met the group of three on the thirty-sixth floor of the U.N..

Loneliness tore through him like a physical pain whenever he thought of Peter Robert, Nerien, Nicholas Cop, Martin Bucer, and even the compromising Louis Du Tillet.

I kept saying, `` If I could just build up a reputation for myself, make some real money, get to be well known as an illustrator -- like Peter Askington, for instance -- then I could take some time off and paint ''.

Writing systems that indicate consonants but do not indicate most vowels ( like the Aramaic one ) or indicate them with added diacritical signs, have been called abjads by Peter T. Daniels to distinguish them from later alphabets, such as Greek, that represent vowels more systematically.

The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College ( Moorhead, Minnesota ), Augustana College ( Rock Island, Illinois ), Wartburg College ( Waverly, Iowa ), Luther College ( Decorah, Iowa ), Gustavus Adolphus College ( St. Peter, Minnesota ), Augustana College ( Sioux Falls, South Dakota ), and Augsburg College ( Minneapolis, Minnesota ).

Peter Berger writes that " It seems plausible that folly and fools, like religion and magic, meet some deeply rooted needs in human society ".

Painters like Titian, Peter Paul Rubens, François Boucher, Nicholas Poussin made use of her myth as a major theme.

In the 21st century, European avant garde composers like Richard Barrett, Fausto Romitelli, Peter Ablinger, Bernhard Lang, Claude Ledoux and Karlheinz Essl have used the electric guitar ( together with extended playing techniques ) in solo pieces or ensemble works.

This much had already been confirmed by former cabinet secretary Lord Hunt, who concluded in a secret inquiry conducted in 1996 that " there is absolutely no doubt at all that a few, a very few, malcontents in MI5 ... a lot of them like Peter Wright who were rightwing, malicious and had serious personal grudges – gave vent to these and spread damaging malicious stories about that Labour government.

The argument clearly depends on the assumption that if " good " were definable, it would be an analytic truth about " good ," an assumption many contemporary moral realists like Richard Boyd and Peter Railton reject.

In 1984, Joy Division's bassist Peter Hook named Play Dead, as one of their heirs: " If you listen to a band like Play Dead, who I really like, Joy Division played the same stuff that Play Dead are playing.

The " kailyard tradition " at the end of the century, brought elements of fantasy and folklore back into fashion as can be seen in the work of figures like J. M. Barrie, most famous for his creation of Peter Pan, and George MacDonald, whose works, including Phantasies, played a major part in the creation of the fantasy genre.

His predecessor in a like case was John Owtred, a monk who formulated the statement that Saint Peter had united in his hands spiritual and temporal power – the opposite of what Wycliffe taught.

He then broke up the team which had finished 2nd two years running, selling popular players like Peter Beardsley, Lee Clark, Les Ferdinand and David Ginola and replaced them with ageing stars like John Barnes ( 34 ), Ian Rush ( 36 ) and Stuart Pearce ( 35 ), as well as virtual unknowns like Des Hamilton and Garry Brady.

( Benn did not stand for the leadership: apart from Foot and Healey, the other candidates – both eliminated in the first round – were John Silkin, a Tribunite like Foot, and Peter Shore, an anti-European right-winger.

Molokans themselves did not completely reject the name — even adding words like " drinking of the spiritual milk of God " ( according to I Peter 2: 2, " Like newborn babies, crave pure spiritual milk, so that by it you may grow up in your salvation ").

Characterized by sparse, hard-hitting beats — as typified on hits like " It's Like That ", and " Peter Piper "— this would form the foundation of hardcore hip hop ( particularly hardcore East Coast hip hop ).

Often, if a television special such as Peter Pan or a network TV showing of a classic film like The Wizard of Oz is especially well-received, it will be rerun from time to time.

Some historians and writers ( like German Dietrich Schwanitz ) draw parallels between Stalinism and the economic policy of Tsar Peter the Great, although Schwanitz in particular views Stalin as " a monstrous reincarnation " of him.

Some philosophers like Peter Singer see Humanism as speciesist and lend themselves to more of a Personism.

Contemporary ideas from systems theory have grown with diversified areas, exemplified by the work of biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, linguist Béla H. Bánáthy, ecological systems with Howard T. Odum, Eugene Odum and Fritjof Capra, organizational theory and management with individuals such as Peter Senge, interdisciplinary study with areas like Human Resource Development from the work of Richard A. Swanson, and insights from educators such as Debora Hammond and Alfonso Montuori.