The question of Russia's direction had been gaining steam ever since Peter the Great's program of Westernization.

* 1718 – Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, Peter the Great's son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him.

* July – Peter the Great's Persian campaign begins.

He would be repeatedly promoted in Peter the Great's rapidly evolving navy, reaching the rank of second captain by 1720.

* in Russia, before the imperial unification from Muscovy ; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar Khan ; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification gertsog was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title Herzog, especially as ( the last ) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya " Duke of Schleswig-Holstein above, Stormarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands ", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.

The city was founded in 1723 by Vasily Tatischev and Georg Wilhelm de Gennin and named after Tsar Peter the Great's wife Catherine I ( Yekaterina ).

Tsaritsa Marfa Apraxina, Peter the Great's sister-in-law

Officially the last Russian tsaritsa was Eudoxia Lopukhina, Peter the Great's first wife, and the last Russian Empress was Alexandra Fyodorovna ( Alix of Hesse ), the wife of Nicholas II of Russia.

After taking the throne at the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great's influence on the Russian culture would extend far into the 18th century.

Sumarokov's interest in the form of French literature mirrored his devotion to the westernizing spirit of Peter the Great's age.

Peter the Great's policies of westernization and displays of military prowess naturally attracted Sumarokov and his contemporaries.

The cathedral opened on May 30, 1858 — the 186th anniversary of Peter the Great's birth.

He was succeeded by Anna Ivanovna, daughter of Peter the Great's half-brother and co-ruler, Ivan V.

Despite this, the administration remained chaotic until Peter the Great's reforms replaced the voyevodas with Burgmesters ( Burgomasters, after the German ) to collect the taxes.

* Chechen-Aul, the village at which Peter the Great's forces were stopped in 1732 by Noxçi people, later better known as " Chechens "

The fortress and its surrounding islands became part of " Peter the Great's naval fortification " designed to safeguard the capital, Saint Petersburg.

After Peter the Great's visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for the Caspian fleet.

Sergei took to wearing an untrimmed beard ( rejecting Peter the Great's reforms and salon fashion ), wearing peasant dress and socialising with many of his peasant associates with whom he worked the land at his farm in Urik.

Between 1714 and 1721 Åland was attacked and devastated by Peter the Great's forces ; most of the population fled at that time to Sweden.

Peter the Great's conquest of Estonia and Latvia during the Great Northern War in the early 18th century spelled the end of Pskov's traditional role as a vital border fortress and a key to Russia's interior.

Set in the beginning of Peter the Great's reign, it follows the lives of three friends ( clearly modeled after the Three Bogatyrs of the Russian folk tales ) and their involvement in a series of sinister plots.

The prince took steps in negotiating anti-Ottoman alliances first with the Habsburg Monarchy, and then with Peter the Great's Russia ( see Russo-Turkish War, 1710-1711 ): upon the 1710 Russian intervention in Moldavia, the prince contacted Tsar Peter and accepted gifts from the latter, while his rivalry with the Moldavian Prince Dimitrie Cantemir ( the main regional ally of the Russians ) prevented a more decisive political move.

He was the eldest of three brothers, Zakhar, Ivan Tchernyshov, and Pyotr Tchernyshov, close friends of Timofei Evreinov, and the sons of Grigory Chernyshev, the first count Chernyshev and one of Peter the Great's generals, enlisted in the Russian military service since 1735.

By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of " Deli Petro " ( Peter the Mad, as Peter the Great was known in Turkey ) had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.

For some conservatives, such as Peter Hitchens, Jenkins ' reforms remain objectionable.

The German historian Elena Palmer goes even further, portraying Peter III as a cultured, open-minded emperor who tried to introduce various courageous, even democratic reforms in the 18th century ’ s Russia.

One of his most popular reforms was the manifesto of February 1762 that exempted the nobility from obligatory state and military service ( established by Peter the Great ) and gave them freedom to travel abroad.

Created by Alexander I on 28 March 1802 in the process of government reforms to replace the aging collegia of Peter the Great, the MVD was one of the most powerful governmental bodies of the Empire, responsible for the police forces and Internal Guards and the supervision of gubernial administrations.

At different points of its history, the country also was strongly influenced by the European Culture, and since Peter the Great reforms Russian culture largely developed in the context of the Western culture.

The Boyar Duma expanded from around 30 people to around 100 in the 17th century and was finally abolished by Tsar Peter the Great in 1711 in his extensive reforms of government and administration.

Satirist Antiokh Dmitrievich Kantemir, 1708 – 1744, was one of the earliest Russian writers not only to praise the ideals of Peter I's reforms but the ideals of the growing Enlightenment movement in Europe.

More often, however, Kantemir indirectly praised Peter's influence through his satiric criticism of Russia's “ superficiality and obscurantism ,” which he saw as manifestations of the backwardness Peter attempted to correct through his reforms.

By May 1525, reforms had been implemented in Strasbourg's parish churches, but the city council decided to allow masses to continue in the cathedral and in the collegiate churches St. Thomas, Young St Peter, and Old St Peter.

( Since Peter the Great ’ s reforms of the military, all noblemen had to serve in the military starting as a private.

Peter the Great enacted reforms making the postal system more uniform in its operations, and in 1714 the first general post offices opened in Saint Petersburg and Moscow.

Fischer also had difficulty with the determination of many Liberals, including the Treasurer, Peter Costello, to carry out sweeping free-market reforms, including abolishing tariff protection for rural industries, deregulating petrol prices and other measures seen as harmful by farmers ' organisations.

By the early 18th century, as a consequence of the industrial reforms of Tzar Peter I, several ore mines and metallurgy plants were built on the Onega Lake, in particular on the place of modern Medvezhyegorsk and Petrozavodsk cities.

During the alphabet reforms of Peter I, all diacritic marks were removed from the Russian writing system, but shortly after Peter I's death in 1735, the distinction between ⟨ И ⟩ and ⟨ Й ⟩ was restored.

Peter changed the rules of succession to the throne after the death of his son, Aleksey, who had opposed his father's reforms and served as a rallying figure for anti-reform groups.

* Parish Church dedicated to St. Peter the Apostle, has romanesque art origin but with several reforms in the 17th and 18th century.

Various Russian alphabet reforms were influential as well, especially Peter the Great's Russian Civil Script of 1708 ( the Grazhdanka ).

Workplace Relations Minister Peter Reith stated at the time " There appears to be a number of reforms which will satisfy the seven benchmark objectives which is very important.