Thomas Fowler believed that Petitio Principii would be more properly called Petitio Quæsiti, which is literally " begging the question ".

** Also called Petitio Principii, or assuming the answer.

" Petitio et largitio: Popular Participation in the Centuriate Assembly of the Late Republic.

* ( 1984b ) " Petitio and the Purpose of Arguing ", Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 65, 1, pp. 26-36.

To protect the horse from the bull ’ s horns, the horse is surrounded by a ' peto ' – a mattress-like protection.

Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

Starting from Julian Date 2443144. 5 ( 1 January 1977 00: 00: 00 ), corrections were applied to the output of all participating clocks, so that TAI would correspond to proper time at mean sea level ( the geoid ).

The term " anthropology " is from the Greek anthrōpos (), " man ", understood to mean humankind or humanity, and-logia (- λογία ), " discourse " or " study.

Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises ( see History of Anthropology ), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made.

Although Tylor undertook a field trip to Mexico, both he and Frazer derived most of the material for their comparative studies through extensive reading, not fieldwork, mainly the Classics ( literature and history of Greece and Rome ), the work of the early European folklorists, and reports from missionaries, travelers, and contemporaneous ethnologists.

Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 – 1881 ), a lawyer from Rochester, New York, became an advocate for and ethnological scholar of the Iroquois.

Like other scholars of his day ( such as Edward Tylor ), Morgan argued that human societies could be classified into categories of cultural evolution on a scale of progression that ranged from savagery, to barbarism, to civilization.

In the Ancient Macedonian language ( pella ) means stone, and some toponyms are derived from this word: ( Pella: capital of Ancient Macedonia ), ( Pellini-Pallini ).

The meaning of the epithet " Lyceus " later became associated Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddes of Lycia ( Λυκία ) and who was identified with the wolf ( λύκος ), earning him the epithets Lycegenes ( ; Λυκηγενής, Lukēgenēs, literally " born of a wolf " or " born of Lycia ") and Lycoctonus ( ; Λυκοκτόνος, Lukoktonos, from λύκος, " wolf ", and κτείνειν, " to kill ").

Apollo was worshipped as Actiacus ( ; Ἄκτιακός, Aktiakos, literally " Actian "), Delphinius ( ; Δελφίνιος, Delphinios, literally " Delphic "), and Pythius ( ; Πύθιος, Puthios, from Πυθώ, Pūthō, the area around Delphi ), after Actium ( Ἄκτιον ) and Delphi ( Δελφοί ) respectively, two of his principal places of worship.

As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor ( ; Ἀφήτωρ, Aphētōr, from ὰφίημι, " to let loose ") or Aphetorus ( ; Ἀφητόρος, Aphētoros, of the same origin ), Argyrotoxus ( ; Ἀργυρότοξος, Argurotoxos, literally " with silver bow "), Hecaërgus ( ; Ἑκάεργος, Hekaergos, literally " far-shooting "), and Hecebolus ( ; Ἑκηβόλος, Hekēbolos, literally " far-shooting ").

From his eastern-origin Apollo brought the art of inspection from " symbols and omina " ( σημεία και τέρατα: semeia kai terata ), and of the observation of the omens of the days.

The function of Apollo as a " healer " is connected with Paean ( Παιών-Παιήων ), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion.

When Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead ( transgressing Themis by stealing Hades's subjects ), Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus.

Marsyas could not do this with his instrument ( the flute ), and so Apollo hung him from a tree and flayed him alive.

The Greek words " ida " ( οίδα: know ) and " idos " ( είδος: species ) have the same root as the word " idea " ( ιδέα ), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses.

However, Ancient Egyptian is highly divergent from Proto-Afroasiatic ( Trombetti 1905: 1 – 2 ), and considerable time must have elapsed in between them.

Amphibian is derived from the Ancient Greek term ἀμφίβιος ( amphíbios ), which means " both kinds of life ", amphi meaning " of both kinds " and bio meaning " life ".

They range in size from the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), which can grow to a length of, to the diminutive Thorius pennatulus from Mexico which seldom exceeds.

A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), the Japanese giant salamander ( Andrias japonicus ) and the hellbender ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ) from North America.

The rough-skinned newt ( Taricha granulosa ) from North America and other members of its genus contain the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin ( TTX ), the most toxic non-protein substance known and almost identical to that produced by pufferfish.

The Ancient Greek word for seaweed was φῦκος ( fūkos or phykos ), which could mean either the seaweed ( probably red algae ) or a red dye derived from it.

The appellant in the new case can be either the plaintiff ( or claimant ), defendant, third-party intervenor, or respondent ( appellee ) from the lower case, depending on who was the losing party.

Pencil, from Old French pincel, a small paintbrush, from Latin a " little tail " ( see penis — pincellus is Latin from the post-classical period ) is an artist's fine brush of camel hair, also used for writing before modern lead or chalk pencils ; the meaning of " graphite writing implement " apparently evolved late in the 16th century.

This was part of a broader scheme of urbanization carried out under Sixtus IV, who swept the long-established markets from the Campidoglio in 1477 and decreed in a bull of 1480 the widening of streets and the first post-Roman paving, the removal of porticoes and other post-classical impediments to free public passage.

The periods in which these systems were in use overlapped one another and did not have definitive breaks, but it can be stated that the legis actio system prevailed from the time of the XII Tables ( c. 450 BC ) until about the end of the 2nd century BC, that the formulary procedure was primarily used from the last century of the Republic until the end of the classical period ( c. AD 200 ), and that of cognitio extraordinarem was in use in post-classical times.

)" > formāticum, from ( cāseus ) formāticus " cheese formed in a mold " ( French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge " cheese ", post-classical, from formare, " to mold "; vs. Sardinian casu, Tuscan cacio, Romanian caş, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romansh caschiel, chaschöl " cheese ")

* rōstrum " beak " > beccus, post-classical borrowing from Gaulish ( French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico " beak ".

The word's first recorded attestation in a European language was a text by Ludovico di Varthema in Italian in 1510, as manga ; the first recorded occurrences in languages such as French and post-classical Latin appear to be translations from this Italian text.

An acrostic ( from French acrostiche < post-classical Latin acrostichis < Hellenistic, from ancient ' highest, topmost ' + στίχος ' verse ') is a poem or other form of writing in which the first letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message.

The word comes from the French word façade, which in turn comes from the Italian facciata, from faccia meaning face, ultimately from post-classical Latin facia.

The word mark comes from a merging of three Teutonic / Germanic words, Latinized in ninth century post-classical Latin as marca, marcha, marha or marcus.

First attested in English in 1578, the word medal is derived from the Middle French médaille, itself from Italian medaglia, and ultimately from the post-classical Latin medalia, meaning a coin worth half a denarius.

Low Latin is a vague and often pejorative term that might refer to any post-classical Latin from Late Latin through Renaissance Latin depending on the author.

New Hollywood or post-classical Hollywood, sometimes referred to as the " American New Wave ", refers to the time from roughly the late-1960s ( Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate ) to the early 1980s ( Heaven's Gate, One from the Heart ) when a new generation of young filmmakers came to prominence in America, influencing the types of films produced, their production and marketing, and impacted the way major studios approached filmmaking.

In the post-classical West, languages studies were undermined by the naive attempt to derive all languages from Hebrew since the time of Saint Augustine.