By the 14th century, the form further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch, whose sonnets were later translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature.

Petrarch would be later endorsed as a model for Italian style by the Accademia della Crusca.

The name was Latinized to Petrarca and later was Anglicized to Petrarch.

The foundation of Bruni's conception can be found with Petrarch, who distinguished the classical period from later cultural decline, or tenebrae ( literally " darkness ").

But images which were novel in the sonnets of Petrarch became clichés in the poetry of later imitators.

* 1304 – Francesco Petrarca, later known as Petrarch.

His preferred poets changed as well: while early in his career he had used Bembo and Petrarch, and later Ariosto, he shifted to Guarini and Torquato Tasso.

The cycles include two canzoni by Petrarch and a capitolo by Ariosto ; they are set in a declamatory manner, thereby including a treatment of vocal lines which foreshadowed monody, and Wert's own later works.

Poet and literary theorist Pietro Bembo edited an edition of Petrarch, the great 14th century poet, in 1501, and later published his theories on how contemporary poets could attain excellence by imitating Petrarch, and by being carefully attentive to the exact sounds of words, as well as their positioning within lines.

While none of the pieces in the collection use the name " madrigal ", some of the compositions are settings of Petrarch, and the music carefully observes word placement and accent, and even contains word-painting, a feature which was to become characteristic of the later madrigal.

The later 16th century madrigal is unrelated, although it often used texts written in the 14th century ( for instance by Petrarch ).

Originally delivered at the Sicilian court of Emperor Frederick II during the 13th century of the Middle Ages, the lyrical form was later commanded by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and leading Renaissance writers such as Spenser ( the marriage hymn in his Epithalamion ).

The English period began far later than the Italian, which is usually considered to begin with Dante, Petrarch and Giotto in the early 14th century, and was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier.

Petrarch's turn towards religion in his later life was inspired in part by Augustine's Confessions, and Petrarch imitates Augustine's style of self-examination and harsh self criticism in Secretum.

Giacomo da Lentini is also credited with inventing the sonnet, a form later perfected by Dante and Petrarch.

It is sometimes reported that Arnaut de Mareuil surpassed his more famous contemporary Arnaut Daniel him in elegant simplicity of form and delicacy of sentiment ; however, this is based on the personal opinion of an editor of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, and against the consensus of both past and modern scholars: Dante, Petrarch, Pound and Eliot, who were familiar with both authors consistently proclaim Daniel's supremacy, and even Arnaut de Mareuil's curator, Simon Gaunt, writing 25 years later, makes no mention of such claim.

There is a visible move towards neoplatonic models, which will be embraced by Dolce Stil Novo in the later 13th century Bologna and Florence, and more markedly by Petrarch.

) for inventing the sonnet, a literary form later perfected by Dante and, most of all, Petrarch.

In 1877 he published Chaucer: Studien zur Geschichte seiner Entwickelung und zur Chronologie seiner Schriften, a study which analyzed Chaucer's literary models and verse forms to determine the later widely accepted division of the poet's works into three periods: a first period during which he was mostly influenced by French models as well as by Ovid ; a second period during which his main inspiration came from Italian models ( Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch ); and a third period of mature literary production.

It is possible to outline a story from this series of love lyrics, but the incidents are slight, and in this case, as in other Elizabethan sonnet-cycles, it is difficult to dogmatize as to what is the expression of a real personal experience, and what is intellectual exercise in imitation of Petrarch.

Petrarch elaborated her story in his epic poem Africa, published posthumously in 1396.

** Africa by Petrarch ( Latin )

Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature.

For example, he followed Petrarch ( and Dante ) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry.

The conception of a " rebirth " of Classical Latin learning is first credited to an Italian poet Petrarch, the father of Humanism, a term that was not coined until the 19th century, but the conception of a rebirth has been in common use since Petrarch's time.

Petrarch however was primarily interested in writing and Latin literature and considered these seven years wasted.

With his first large scale work, Africa, an epic in Latin about the great Roman general Scipio Africanus, Petrarch emerged as a European celebrity.

However, Petrarch was an enthusiastic Latin scholar and did most of his writing in this language.

As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch, the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.

" Petrarch asked to be examined by Robert before being crowned as poet in the Campidoglio in Rome ( 1341 ); his Latin epic Africa is dedicated to Robert, though it was not made available to readers until 1397, long after both Petrarch and Robert were dead.

Italian poets revived the pastoral from the 14th century onwards, first in Latin ( examples include works by Petrarch, Pontano and Mantuan ) then in the Italian vernacular ( Boiardo ).

He shows a knowledge of Latin authors and familiarity with the works of Dante and Petrarch.

The affirmation and glorification of French finds its greatest manifestation in the " Defense and Illustration of the French Language " ( 1549 ) by the poet Joachim du Bellay, which maintained that French ( like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante ) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic production and purification ( including the imitation of Latin genres ).

Petrarch was also a great admirer of Roman poets such as Virgil and Horace and of Cicero for Latin prose writing.

Taken by his father to Florence to pursue the studies for which he appeared so apt, he studied Latin under Giovanni Malpaghino of Ravenna, the friend and protégé of Petrarch, and some Greek in Rome His distinguished abilities and his dexterity as a copyist of manuscripts brought him into early notice with the chief scholars of Florence: both Coluccio Salutati and Niccolò Niccoli befriended him.

In 1374, it was translated into Latin by Petrarch, who quotes the heroine, Griselda, as an exemplum of that most virile virtue, constancy.

Secretum ( De secreto conflictu curarum mearum, translated as The Secret or My Secret Book ) is a trilogy of dialogues in Latin written by Petrarch sometime from 1347 to 1353, in which he examines his faith with the help of Saint Augustine, and " in the presence of The Lady Truth ".

The character of their literary program was given in Du Bellay's manifesto, the " Defense and Illustration of the French Language " ( 1549 ) which maintained that French ( like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante ) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic and literary production ( including the imitation of Latin and Greek genres ) and purification.

The Petrarch who unearthed the works of the great Latin writers helps us understand the Petrarch who loved a real woman, named Laura, and celebrated her in her life and after her death in poems full of studied elegance.

# Character and Coronation of Petrarch – Restoration of the Freedom and Government of Rome by the Tribune Rienzi – His Virtues and Vices, His Expulsion and Death – Return of the Popes from Avignon – Great Schism of the West – Re-Union of the Latin Church – Last Struggles of Roman Liberty – Statues of Rome – Final Settlement of the Ecclesiastical Government

The character of their literary program was given in Du Bellay's manifesto, the " Defense and Illustration of the French Language " ( 1549 ) which maintained that French ( like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante ) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic and literary production ( including the imitation of Latin and Greek genres ) and purification.

In the 1330s, Petrarch expressed the view that European culture had stagnated and drifted into what he called the " Dark Ages ," since the fall of Rome in the 5th century, owing to among other things, the loss of many classical Latin texts and to the corruption of the language in contemporary discourse.