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Petrarch and revived
Italian poets revived the pastoral from the 14th century onwards, first in Latin ( examples include works by Petrarch, Pontano and Mantuan ) then in the Italian vernacular ( Boiardo ).
The concept was of great importance during the re-discovery of Classical Antiquity during the age of the Renaissance by the Italian umanisti, beginning with the illustrious Italian poet Petrarch, who revived Cicero's injunction to cultivate the humanities, understood during the Renaissance as: grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.

Petrarch and work
Petrarch, for example, devoted much time to his Africa, a dactylic hexameter epic on Scipio Africanus, but this work was unappreciated in his time and remains little read today.
With his first large scale work, Africa, an epic in Latin about the great Roman general Scipio Africanus, Petrarch emerged as a European celebrity.
1495-1527 ), in a work falsely attributed to Petrarch ( 1304 – 74 ), wrote in his Chronica de le Vite de Pontefici et Imperadori Romani that after Pope Joan had been revealed as a woman:
He held as his model, and as the highest example of poetic expression ever achieved in Italian, the work of Petrarch and Boccaccio, two 14th century writers he assisted in bringing back into fashion.
This work was of decisive importance in the development of the Italian madrigal, the most famous secular musical form of the 16th century, as it was these poems, carefully constructed ( or, in the case of Petrarch, analyzed ) according to Bembo's ideas, that were to be the primary texts for the music.
His choice of poetry varied widely, from Petrarch for his more serious work to the lightest verse for some of his amusing canzonettas.
The work of the Makar of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries was in part marked out by an adoption in vernacular languages of the new and greater variety in metrics and prosody current across Europe after the influence of such figures as Dante and Petrarch and similar to the route which Chaucer followed in England.
Petrarch's work has similar qualities ; yet neither Petrarch nor Dante could be classified among the pure ascetics of their time.
He held as his model, and as the highest example of poetic expression ever achieved in Italian, the work of Petrarch and Boccaccio, two 14th century writers he assisted in bringing back into fashion.
This work was of decisive importance in the development of the Italian madrigal, the most famous secular musical form of the 16th century, as it was these poems, carefully constructed ( or, in the case of Petrarch, analyzed ) according to Bembo's ideas, that were to be the primary texts for the music.
While Howard tended to use the English sonnet form in his own work, reserving the Petrarchan form for his translations of Petrarch, Wyatt made extensive use of the Italian sonnet form in the poems of his that were not translation and adaptation work.
Immediately, the cat reacts strongly, and even appears to be “ appreciating the work .” The cat seems to be especially enthralled when Louisa plays Liszt's Petrarch Sonnets and Der Weihnachtsbaum, but less impressed with Schumann's Kinderszenen.

Petrarch and letters
Petrarch then dissuaded Boccaccio from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts.
In addition, Petrarch collected his letters into two major sets of books called Epistolae familiares (" Familiar Letters ") and Seniles (" Of Old Age "), a plan suggested to him by knowledge of Cicero's letters.
It was the rediscovery of Cicero's speeches ( such as the defense of Archias ) and letters ( to Atticus ) by Italians like Petrarch that, in part, ignited the cultural innovations that we know as the Renaissance.
His contributions to the Edinburgh Review and Quarterly Review, his dissertations in Italian on the text of Dante and Boccaccio, and still more his English essays on Petrarch, of which the value was enhanced by Lady Dacre's admirable translations of some of Petrarch ’ s finest sonnets, heightened his previous fame as a man of letters.
The Italian poet Petrarch addressed one of his letters to the dead to Quintilian, and for many he “ provided the inspiration for a new humanistic philosophy of education ” ( 140 ).
* Socrates, the name used by Petrarch in his letters and writings to refer to his dear friend Lodewijk Heyligen ( more commonly known as Ludovicus Sanctus )
The humanist poet Petrarch wrote letters to the people of Genoa and to the doge of Venice appealing to them to end their fratricidal wars and find a common aim.
In 1333, in Liège, Belgium, Petrarch had found and copied out in his own hand a manuscript of Cicero's speech, Pro Archia, which contained a famous passage in defense of poetry and litterae ( letters ): Haec studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur.

Petrarch and ancient
Like Petrarch, who had been the first famous philologist to study the works of the ancient Roman poets, Alberti loved classics, but he compared continual reading and rereading in libraries.
Petrarch encouraged students to imitate the ancient writers, from a language perspective, combining clear and correct speech with moral thought.
Even so, to distinguish their government from its ancient rival to the east, the Genoese rarely used the " Most Serene " designation, opting more frequently for the appellation " Superb Republic " (), a nickname allegedly coined by Petrarch in 1358.

Petrarch and Roman
* The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355.
In 1350 the king was visited at Prague by the Roman tribune Cola di Rienzo, who urged him to go to Italy, where the poet Petrarch and the citizens of Florence also implored his presence.
He corresponded with Petrarch and invited this to visit his residence in Prague, whilst the Italian hoped — to no avail — to see Charles move his residence to Rome and reawaken tradition of the Roman Empire.
Petrarch was also a great admirer of Roman poets such as Virgil and Horace and of Cicero for Latin prose writing.
# Character and Coronation of Petrarch – Restoration of the Freedom and Government of Rome by the Tribune Rienzi – His Virtues and Vices, His Expulsion and Death – Return of the Popes from Avignon – Great Schism of the West – Re-Union of the Latin Church – Last Struggles of Roman Liberty – Statues of Rome – Final Settlement of the Ecclesiastical Government

Petrarch and Cicero
He referred to it often, and where Cicero used the phrase " litterarum lumen ", " the light of literature ", Petrarch in the margin wrote lumen litterarum alongside and drew a sketch of a lamp or candle.
Petrarch, in many respects a Medieval man, regretted that Cicero had not been a Christian and believed that he certainly would have been one had not died before the birth of Jesus.

Petrarch and also
Boccaccio returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague in that city of 1340, but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341.
In October 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have the great man as a guest at his home during his stay.
Certain sources also see a conversion of Boccaccio by Petrarch from the open humanist of the Decameron to a more ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos.
Boccaccio and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology.
The term Middle Ages also derives from Petrarch.
Because his father was in the profession of law he insisted that Petrarch and his brother study law also.
He appears not only in Dante, but also in Chaucer and to a large degree in Petrarch, who adopted his style in his own essays and who quotes him more than any other authority except Virgil.
She also invited the writer Petrarch to reside at her court as a means of maintaining the high level of culture for which the Angevin rulers in Naples were responsible for establishing.
This fresco also contains portraits of pope Benedict IX, cardinal Friar Niccolò Albertini, count Guido di Poppi, Arnolfo di Cambio and the poet Petrarch.
He also assimilated Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio's Humanism.
The humanist Francesco Petrarch, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was also an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poetry.
We cannot here do more than enumerate the leading troubadours and briefly indicate in what conditions their poetry was developed and through what circumstances it fell into decay and finally disappeared: Peire d ' Alvernha, who in certain respects must be classed with Marcabru ; Arnaut Daniel, remarkable for his complicated versification, the inventor of the sestina, a poetic form for which Dante and Petrarch express an admiration difficult for us to understand ; Arnaut de Mareuil, who, while less famous than Arnaut Daniel, certainly surpasses him in elegant simplicity of form and delicacy of sentiment ; Bertran de Born, now the most generally known of all the troubadours on account of the part he is said to have played both by his sword and his sirveniescs in the struggle between Henry II of England and his rebel sons, though the importance of his part in the events of the time seems to have been greatly exaggerated ; Peire Vidal of Toulouse, a poet of varied inspiration who grew rich with gifts bestowed on him by the greatest nobles of his time ; Guiraut de Borneil, lo macsire dels trobadors, and at any rate master in the art of the so-called close style ( trebar clus ), though he has also left us some songs of charming simplicity ; Gaucelm Faidit, from whom we have a touching lament ( plaint ) on the death of Richard Cœur de Lion ; Folquet of Marseille, the most powerful thinker among the poets of the south, who from being a merchant and troubadour became an abbot, and finally bishop of Toulouse ( d. 1231 ).
1470 ) setting a poem in praise of the Blessed Virgin Mary by Petrarch ; Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina's First Book of Madrigals ( 1581 ), also setting Marian poems by Petrarch ; Carlo Gesualdo's Tenebrae Responsories ( 1611 ); and the huge collection by Giovanni Francesco Anerio, Teatro armonico spirituale ( Rome, 1619 ).
Petrarch ’ s position, expressed both strongly and amusingly in his invective On His Own Ignorance and That of Many Others ( De sui ipsius ac multorum ignorantia ) is also important for another reason: it represents the conviction that philosophy should let itself be guided by rhetoric, that the purpose of philosophy is therefore not so much to reveal the truth, but to encourage people to pursue the good.
In this regard, Petrarch ( 1304 – 1374 ) is also considered a father of humanism, being one of the earliest and most prominent Renasissance figures.
Giacomo da Lentini is also credited with inventing the sonnet, a form later perfected by Dante and Petrarch.
These are remarkable for their vigour of feeling, and also for showing that, compared to Dante, Petrarch had a sense of a broader Italian consciousness.
At Florence the most celebrated humanists wrote also in the vulgar tongue, and commented on Dante and Petrarch, and defended them from their enemies.
Pietro Bembo, a Venetian influenced by Petrarch, also promoted Tuscan as the standard literary language ( volgare illustre ).

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