Graduate students in turn compete for acceptance into a BTP ; if accepted then stipend, tuition and health insurance support is provided for two or three years during the course of their Ph. D. thesis work.

This can be either a Masters or Doctoral level degree ; while in certain specialties a Ph. D. is notably more common than in others, it is hardly ever the majority ( except in academia ).

Throughout much of the academic world, the term " doctor " refers to an individual who has earned a degree of Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph. D. ( an abbreviation for the Latin Philosophiæ Doctor ; or alternatively Doctor philosophiæ, D. Phil., meaning Teacher of Philosophy ), or other research doctorate such as the Doctor of Science, or Sc. D.

It is not incorrect to use the fully punctuated " Ph. D .", though if this pattern is used, it should be used consistently ; practice in particular situations may vary, and it is always more elegant to be consistent with local patterns of usage than to deviate from them.

This vision includes establishing a University College to foster both in-depth and wide-interest, society-interest driven education for upcoming engineers ; establishing a combined Graduate School to manage the graduate programs ; an increase of the student body by 50 percent ; a 50 percent increase in the number of annual Ph. D graduations ; an increase of knowledge valorisation to a campus-wide score of 4. 2 ; increasing the international position of the university to within the top-100 universities ; and increasing the embedding of the university within the city and the Brainport region by transforming the campus into a high-grade science park with laboratories, housing facilities for 700 students and researchers and supporting facilities.

* Wallerstein, Judith, Ph. D., " The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce ", an analysis of the long-term effect of divorce on children ; NPR interview ( 2001 )

* How to become a renowned writer: Francesco Algarotti ( 1712 -- 1764 ) and the uses of networking in eighteenth-century Europe by Smeall, Cheryl Lynn, Ph. D., McGill University ( Canada ), 2011, 449 pages ; AAT NR77555

Crick was writing his Ph. D. thesis ; Watson also had other work such as trying to obtain crystals of myoglobin for X-ray diffraction experiments.

Goebbels earned a Ph. D. from Heidelberg University in 1921, writing his doctoral thesis on 19th century romantic drama ; he then went on to work as a journalist and later a bank clerk and caller on the stock exchange.

He then received a Ph. D. in biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1972 ; his research focused on synthesis and structure of proteins.

* Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph. D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.

* Dr. J. Frick, Physical Technics ; Or Practical Instructions for Making Experiments in Physics Translated By John D. Easter, Ph. D .-J.

; Veltri, Karen M. Sc., Ph. D .; Haines, Ted M. D., M. Sc.

A recent and continuous study by PayScale. com showed economic consultants with a Ph. D. had the overall highest median income for any group, at $ 116, 250 ; the median salary for an assistant professor was $ 63, 500, for an associate professor $ 67, 000, and for a full professor $ 85, 000.

However, the weight of the vote in each academic sector is different: the total student vote usually represents 20 % of the whole, no matter how many students there are ; the votes of the entire group made up of professors and readers ( members of what formerly was known as the Claustro ( cloister )) usually counts for about 40-50 % of the total ; lecturers, researchers ( including Ph. D. students and others ) and non-doctoral teachers, about 20 % of the total ; and the remainder ( usually some 5-10 %) is left for non-scholarly workers ( people in administration, etc.

* Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph. D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.

Matthew O ’ Deane, Ph. D., has identified five primary steps of gang involvement applicable to the majority of gangs in the world ; at risk, associates, members, hardcore members and leaders.

* Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph. D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.

After the death of Lincoln's mother, his older sister, Sarah, took charge of caring for him until their father remarried in 1819 ; Sarah later died in her 20s while giving birth to a stillborn son.

Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he first moved to New Salem ; by 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged.

Mary did return in November 1836, and Lincoln courted her for a time ; however, they both had second thoughts about their relationship.

Lincoln's father-in-law was based in Lexington, Kentucky ; he and others of the Todd family were either slave owners or slave traders.

He won election to the state legislature ; though he ran as a Whig, many Democrats favored him over a more powerful Whig opponent.

Lincoln successfully argued that the railroad company was not bound by its original charter in existence at the time of Barret's pledge ; the charter was amended in the public interest to provide a newer, superior, and less expensive route, and the corporation retained the right to demand Barret's payment.

Lincoln rarely raised objections in the courtroom ; but in an 1859 case, where he defended a cousin Peachy Harrison, who was accused of stabbing another to death, Lincoln angrily protested the judge's decision to exclude evidence favorable to his client.

In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney opined that blacks were not citizens, and derived no rights from the Constitution.

In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper which was consistently supportive ; most of the state's 130, 000 German Americans voted Democratic but there was Republican support that a German-language paper could mobilize.

The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition ; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life, and sold 100, 000 to 200, 000 copies.

On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession ; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.

The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot ; they did just that.

Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail ; Kentucky tried to be neutral.

Lincoln believed that Fremont's emancipation was political ; neither militarily necessary nor legal.

The U. S. Navy illegally intercepted a British merchant ship the Trent on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys ; Britain protested vehemently while the U. S. cheered.

Lincoln's foreign policy approach had been initially hands off, due to his inexperience ; he left most diplomacy appointments and other foreign policy matters to his Secretary of State, William Seward.

In terms of war strategy, Lincoln articulated two priorities: to ensure that Washington was well-defended, and to conduct an aggressive war effort that would satisfy the demand in the North for prompt, decisive victory ; major Northern newspaper editors expected victory within 90 days.

Lincoln learned from his chief of staff General Henry Halleck, a student of the European strategist Jomini, of the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River ; he also knew well the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory.

Lincoln insisted on holding some of McClellan's troops in defense of the capital ; McClellan, who consistently overestimated the strength of Confederate troops, blamed this decision for the ultimate failure of the Peninsula Campaign.

Score one side of disk D, join to C ; ;

During his raid on Washington, D. C. in 1864, Lincoln was watching the combat from an exposed position ; Captain Oliver Wendell Holmes shouted at him, " Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!

This was developed into the language " E-Prime " by D. David Bourland, Jr. 15 years after his death ( E-Prime a form of the English language in which the verb " to be " does not appear in any of its forms ; for example, the sentence " the movie was good " could translate into E-Prime as " I liked the movie ", thereby distinguishing opinion from fact ).

There were four kinds of allegiances ( Rittson v Stordy ( 1855 ) 3 Sm & G 230 ; De Geer v Stone ( 1882 ) 22 Ch D 243 ; Isaacson v Durant ( 1886 ) 54 LT 684 ; Gibson, Gavin v Gibson 3 KB 379 ; Joyce v DPP AC 347 ; Collingwood v Pace ( 1661 ) O Bridg 410 ; Lane v Bennett ( 1836 ) 1 M & W 70 ; Lyons Corp v East India Co ( 1836 ) 1 Moo PCC 175 ; Birtwhistle v Vardill ( 1840 ) 7 Cl & Fin 895 ; R v Lopez, R v Sattler ( 1858 ) Dears & B 525 ; Ex p Brown ( 1864 ) 5 B & S 280 );

( c ) Ligeantia localis, by operation of law, when a friendly alien enters the country, because so long as they are in the country they are within the Sovereign's protection, therefore they owe the Sovereign a local obedience or allegiance ( R v Cowle ( 1759 ) 2 Burr 834 ; Low v Routledge ( 1865 ) 1 Ch App 42 ; Re Johnson, Roberts v Attorney-General 1 Ch 821 ; Tingley v Muller 2 Ch 144 ; Rodriguez v Speyer AC 59 ; Johnstone v Pedlar 2 AC 262 ; R v Tucker ( 1694 ) Show Parl Cas 186 ; R v Keyn ( 1876 ) 2 Ex D 63 ; Re Stepney Election Petn, Isaacson v Durant ( 1886 ) 17 QBD 54 );

* 1945 – U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies while in office ; vice-president Harry Truman is sworn in as the 33rd President.

MtDNA Haplogroup D is found frequently throughout East Asia and Central Asia, and is also common in some populations of North Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Americas ; in addition, it has been found with low frequency in some populations of Europe and Southwest Asia.

* 1814 – British troops invade Washington, D. C. and during the Burning of Washington the White House is set ablaze, though not burned to the ground ; as well as several other buildings.