Antonio de Solís, Philip IV's official Chronicler of the Indies, described Montezuma customarily taking a chocolate beverage after meals, as part of a sumptuous daily ritual:

The papacy was moved to Avignon and all the contemporary popes were French, such as Philip IV's puppet Bertrand de Goth, Pope Clement V.

Soon afterwards, Philip of Flanders arrived in Jerusalem on pilgrimage ; he was Baldwin IV's cousin, and the king offered him the regency and command of the army, both of which Philip refused, although he objected to the appointment of Raynald as regent.

Nevertheless, on 7 June 1304, Benedict excommunicated Philip IV's implacable minister Guillaume de Nogaret and all the Italians who had played a part in the seizure of Boniface VIII at Anagni.

Meanwhile, Philip IV's lawyers pressed to reopen Guillaume de Nogaret's charges of heresy against the late Boniface VIII that had circulated in the pamphlet war around the bull Unam sanctam.

It was in part to pre-empt French objections to this outcome that in 1668, only three years after Charles II had ascended, the then-childless Leopold had agreed to partition Spanish territories between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs, even though Philip IV's will would have entitled him to the entire inheritance.

The Bavarian prince would have been the lawful heir to the Spanish throne under Philip IV's will, and remained a far less threatening candidate than those directly in the Bourbon or Habsburg lines, despite the willingness of both Leopold I and Louis XIV to defer their claims onto a junior branch of their Houses: Leopold to his younger son, the Archduke Charles, and Louis to the Dauphin's younger son, Philip, the Duke of Anjou.

His marriage to the French princess Margaret, Philip IV's half-sister and his own first cousin once removed, in 1299 ended the war, but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English.

Instead, they upheld the rights of Philip IV's nephew, King Philip VI ( an agnatic descendant of the House of France ), thereby setting the stage for the Hundred Years ' War ( see family tree below ).

Portrait of the Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain, Philip IV's daughter

Other important works commissioned for the royal library were the anonymous legal treatise the Songe du Vergier, greatly inspired by the debates of Philip IV's jurists with Boniface VIII, the translations of Raol de Presles, which included St. Augustine's City of God, and the production of the Grandes Chroniques de France edited in 1377 to emphasise the vassalage of Edward III.

A member of the Capetian dynasty, he was the son of Charles of Valois ( who was the brother of King Charles IV's father Philip IV ) and the first King of France from the House of Valois.

Philip rose to the regency with support of the French magnates, following the pattern set up by Philip V's succession over his niece Joan II of Navarre, and Charles IV's succession over all his nieces, including the daughters of Louis X and Philip V. A century later this pattern became the Salic law, which forbade females and those descended in the female line from succeeding to the throne.

By the end of Philip IV's reign opposition to the fiscal reforms were growing.

Charles of Valois took advantage of this movement to turn against his old enemy, Philip IV's former minister and chamberlain Enguerrand de Marigny and convinced Louis to bring corruption charges against him.

Modern historians have described Philip V as a man of " considerable intelligence and sensitivity ", and the " wisest and politically most apt " of Philip IV's three sons.

Philip IV's most prominent favourite and minister, the Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares | Count-Duke Olivares, by Diego Velázquez.

Philip IV's first wife, Elizabeth of France, died in 1644 ; and their only son, Baltasar Carlos, died two years later.

Next important early Russian author is Nikolay Ivanovich Gnedich with his novel Don Corrado de Gerrera from 1803, which is set in Spain during the reign of Philip II.

King Philip I, named by his Kievan mother with a typically Eastern European name, was no more fortunate than his predecessor although the kingdom did enjoy a modest recovery during his extraordinarily long reign ( 1060 – 1108 ).

The reign of Philip II Augustus ( junior king 1179 – 1180, senior king 1180 – 1223 ) marked an important step in the history of French monarchy.

Philip II spent an important part of his reign fighting the so-called Angevin Empire, which was probably the greatest threat to the King of France since the rise of the Capetian dynasty.

During the first part of his reign Philip II tried using Henry II of England's son against him.

The following January 13 in the AFC Divisional Playoffs the Chargers intercepted Manning twice and clawed to a 28-24 lead despite injury to quarterback Philip Rivers ; Manning was stopped on downs twice in the fourth quarter and the Chargers ended the Colts ' reign as defending champions.

During John's reign, England lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century.

Indeed, the official Latin title of the kings of France was Rex Francorum, i. e. " king of the Franks " ( until Louis ' grand-father's reign, Philip II whose seal reads Rex Franciae, i. e. " king of France "), and the kings of France were also known by the title " most Christian king " ( Rex Christianissimus ).

In 1204, during the reign of England's King John, mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II of France.

During his reign, Philip surrounded himself with the best civil lawyers and decidedly expelled the clergy from all participation in the administration of the law.

Mary's reign, however, introduced a new coining system that would be used until the 18th century, and her marriage to Philip II created new trade routes for England.

* The Spanish doubloon is first minted during the reign of Philip II of Spain.

* Philip I of France begins his reign.

At the age of forty, during the reign of Philip the Arab, he came to Rome, where he stayed for most of the remainder of his life.

Philip was to succeed Ferdinand, but during the former's reign Maximilian, as king of the Romans, was to govern Germany.

The rise of Macedon, from a small kingdom at the periphery of Classical Greek affairs, to one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, occurred under the reign of Philip II.

Initially, most of the other powers were willing to accept Anjou's reign as Philip V, but Louis's arrogance and blunders soon made the English, the Dutch, and other powers join the Austrians in a coalition against France.

The existing port at Porto Torres, which is almost wholly artificial, is based in great part on Roman foundations ; and there exist also the remains of a temple ( which, as we learn from an inscription, was dedicated to Fortune, and restored in the reign of Philip ), of thermae, of a basilica and an aqueduct, as well as a bridge over the adjoining small river, still called the Fiume Turritano.

Philip built up centralised royal power in France, engaging in a sequence of conflicts to expand or consolidate French authority across the region, but remained chronically short of money throughout his reign.

It exists in only 24 fragments, but he apparently attempted to write a biography of the Greek nation from earliest times to the reign of Philip II.

These territories formed an integral part of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands as they were defined during the reign of Philip's son, Emperor Charles V, and passed to Charles's son, Philip II of Spain.

At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain.

The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain.

Silver tetradrachm s dated back to the reign of Philip II.

The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and after the reign of Philip IV.