In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia, Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice, the Fourth Crusade was, despite papal excommunication, diverted in 1203 against Constantinople, ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius son of the deposed emperor Isaac.

After more bullying from Philip, Pope Clement then issued the papal bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae on November 22, 1307, which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets.

However, upon being elected Pope at the papal conclave of 1303, he released King Philip IV of France from the excommunication that had been laid upon him by Boniface VIII, and practically ignored Boniface's bull Unam sanctam, which asserted papal supremacy over secular rulers.

These views, and his chronic intervention in " temporal " affairs, led to many bitter quarrels with the Emperor Albert I of Habsburg, the powerful Colonna family of Rome, King Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his essay De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy.

Philip also banished from France the papal agents who were raising funds for a new crusade in the Middle East.

Despite papal support, Otto could not oust his rival Philip until the latter was murdered in a private feud.

Mindful of the origin of his success, Innocent IX supported, during his two months ' pontificate, the cause of Philip II and the Catholic League against Henry IV of France ( 1589 – 1610 ) in the civil Wars of Religion ( 1562 – 1598 ), where a papal army was in the field.

In vain did Philip argue that his plans had been drawn up with the consent of Rome, that his expedition was in support of papal authority which he only undertook on the understanding that he would gain a Plenary Indulgence, or that he had spent a fortune preparing for the expedition.

After two years, Philip V of France finally in 1316 managed to arrange a papal conclave of twenty-three cardinals in Lyon.

He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor ; in return, Albert recognized the authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent.

In May 1289 he crowned King Charles II of Naples and Sicily after the latter had expressly recognized papal suzerainty, and in February 1291 concluded a treaty with Kings Alfonso III of Aragon and Philip IV of France looking toward the expulsion of James II of Aragon from Sicily.

Louis XIV and his grandson, Philip V of Spain, now asked the pope to issue a papal bull condemning the practice of maintaining a respectful silence as to the issue of the infallibility of the Church in matters of dogmatic fact.

A month or two later Philip was loosed from the papal ban, and in March 1208 it seems probable that a treaty was concluded by which a nephew of the pope was to marry one of Philip's daughters and to receive the disputed dukedom of Tuscany.

Following the accession of the Catholic Mary I in 1553 and her marriage to Philip, Prince of Asturias in 1554, Pope Paul IV issued the papal bull " Ilius " in 1555, recognizing them as Queen and King of Ireland together with her heirs and successors.

In 1203 de Gray accompanied Archbishop Hubert Walter of Canterbury and several papal legates on an unsuccessful diplomatic mission to King Philip II of France.

The precedents cited by Haller go back to the parliament held at Carlisle in 1307, at which date the tendencies of reaction against papal reservations had already manifested themselves in the assemblies convoked by Philip the Fair in 1302 and 1303.

Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Debitum Pastoralis in 1520 giving extraordinary powers to Philip of Burgundy, 57th Bishop of Utrecht, essentially removing the ability of any external authority to " in the first instance, have his cause evoked to any external tribunal, not even under pretense of any apostolic letters whatever ; and that all such proceedings should be, ipso facto, null and void ".

Its principal act was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar on the instigation of Philip IV of France.

It is named after the Rue de Cardinal Lemoine, named after Cardinal Jean Lemoine ( 1250 – 1313 ), a papal legate of Pope Boniface VIII to Philip IV the Fair.

Bernard Saisset ( c. 1232 – c. 1314 ) was an Occitan bishop of Pamiers, in the County of Foix in the south of France, whose outspoken disrespect for Philip IV of France incurred charges of high treason in the overheated atmosphere of tension between the King and his ministry and Pope Boniface VIII, leading up to the papal bull Unam sanctam of 1302.

Further, Saisset was sent in 1301 as papal legate to Philip IV to protest the king's anticlerical measures.

While he was instrumental in bringing Sophia Paleologue from Rome to Moscow in 1472, Philip was against admitting a papal legate in her entourage into Moscow, thus continuing his opposition to Catholicism or " Latinism " in his province.

Since the Pope and other Catholic leaders regarded Mary as the true Queen of England, Philip uses Mary's death to obtain papal approval for war.

He also served as a legate to Philip II of Spain ( 1556 – 1598 ), being sent by the Pope to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo.

According to Roger of Wendover, William was present at Gisors in France in 1188 when Henry II of England and Philip II of France agreed to go on crusade: " Thereupon the king of the English first took the sign of the cross at the hands of the Archbishop of Rheims and William of Tyre, the latter of whom had been entrusted by our lord the pope with the office of legate in the affairs of the crusade in the western part of Europe.

But in spite of all the efforts of the Antiochene party, the representatives of the envoys whom the council was eventually allowed to send, with the legate Philip, to the Court, persuaded the emperor to accept Cyril's council as the true one.

After much political pressure, and a challenge to a trial by combat by Guy III of Senlis ( which he refused ), Humphrey consented to an ecclesiastical annulment by Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, who was Papal legate, and Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais, who was a second-cousin of Conrad.

Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa ( who was Papal legate ), and Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais, ( a kinsman of Conrad ), annulled Humphrey's marriage to Isabella.

In 1279 in Buda ( Hungary ) Pope ’ s legate, bishop Philip confirmed the abbot ’ s right to take a special tax ( a tithe ) from Czudec and Strzyżów.

At Whitsun in 1189, Coutances was a member of a commission appointed by the papal legate John of Anagni to arbitrate the dispute between King Henry II of England and his son, Richard, who was supported by King Philip II of France.

Isabella's marriage was annulled by Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, who was Papal legate, and Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais.

At first his ideas took such comparatively mild forms as inducing the pope to send a legate to persuade Elizabeth to return to the fold ; but gradually they grew more violent and treasonable, until Englefield became the close confidant of Cardinal Allen, Parsons and the jesuited Catholics, who advocated forcible intervention by Spain and the succession of the infanta ; in 1585 Englefield thought that Marys succession, peaceful or other, would not be satisfactory unless it were owing to Spanish support and she were dependent on Philip.

In a sense the innovations of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Robert Motherwell, Peter Voulkos and others opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of all the art that followed them.

In 1768 Philip Astley opened the first modern circus.

Meanwhile the relations between Maximilian and Philip of Spain had improved ; and the emperor's increasingly cautious and moderate attitude in religious matters was doubtless because the death of Philip's son, Don Carlos, had opened the way for the succession of Maximilian, or of one of his sons, to the Spanish throne.

The heir to the French throne, Philip the Fair, opened negotiations with Peter for free passage for the royal family through the Pyrenees.

Its permanent and current home, now renovated, designed in the International Style by the modernist architects Philip Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone, opened to the public on May 10, 1939, attended by an illustrious company of 6, 000 people, and with an opening address via radio from the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt ..

When she heard the news, she reportedly said, " When I am dead and opened, you shall find ' Philip ' husband and ' Calais ' lying in my heart.

The original Broadway production of The Swan opened on Broadway in 1923, with Eva Le Gallienne as Princess Alexandra, Philip Merivale as Prince Albert, and Basil Rathbone as the tutor.

Soon after, an iron foundry was opened by settler Philip Klein.

Philip Passavant opened the first store in 1807, and managed it for 41 years, until he gave it to his son, C. S. Passavant.

The original sponsor was cigarette maker Philip Morris, so the program opened with a cartoon of Lucy and Ricky climbing down a pack of Philip Morris cigarettes.

On July 20, 1864, the shrine was opened, and remains of the Three Kings and the coins of Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne were discovered.

The Oglethorpe University Museum of Art opened in 1984 and is located on the top floor of the Philip Weltner Library.

In 1966, a new runway was opened by Prince Philip on a new site to the southeast of the existing airfield.

Transport Secretary Philip Hammond conducted the opening ceremony on 27 July 2011, though the northbound tunnel opened to traffic two days later than the southbound one, on 29 July.

The location of Mine La Motte, Missouri | Mine La Motte, the first mine in Missouri, opened by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in the 1710s and later expanded by Philip Francois Renault.

It was opened by the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip alongside Alderman Frank Price and Sir Herbert Manzoni on 29 May 1964 and had cost an estimated £ 8 million.

The present and fifth School buildings were opened in September 1968, to designs by architects Philip Powell and Hidalgo Moya.

In a sense the innovations of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt and others opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of all the art that followed them.

The new terminal, which was officially opened in November 1999 by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, houses 60 check-in desks, baggage and flight information systems and a wide range of shops, restaurants and bars.

Balanchine collaborated with architect Philip Johnson in determining its design and finally had a theater large enough for the works he wanted to stage when the house opened in 1964.

In 1929, he opened his own agency, Harold Ober Associates, — representing authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Agatha Christie, William Faulkner, Philip Wylie, Pearl Buck and Walter D. Edmonds and J. D.

The oldest continuously operating movie theater in San Francisco, the Roxie opened its doors as the C. H. Brown Theater in 1909, and was owned and operated as the Poppy Theater from 1912 to 1916 by Philip H. Doll, a local jeweler and watchmaker.

The Queen and Prince Philip then officially opened the refurbished Beacon, a museum set on the harbour.