In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia, Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice, the Fourth Crusade was, despite papal excommunication, diverted in 1203 against Constantinople, ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius son of the deposed emperor Isaac.

As his son, Frederick II, though already elected king, was still a small child and living in Sicily, German princes chose to elect an adult king, which resulted in the dual election of Frederick Barbarossa's youngest son Philip of Swabia and Henry the Lion's son Otto of Brunswick, who competed for the crown.

Because the election of a three-year-old boy to be German king appeared likely to make orderly rule difficult, the boy's uncle, Duke Philip of Swabia, brother of late Henry VI, was designated to serve in his place.

In 1198, two rival kings were chosen: the Hohenstaufen Philip of Swabia and the son of the deprived Duke Henry the Lion, the Welf Otto IV.

* Philip of Swabia, king 1198-1208

* Philip of Swabia ( r. 1196-1208 ) King in 1198

If Philip II Augustus supported Philip of Swabia, member of the House of Hohenstaufen, then Richard Lionheart supported Otto IV, member of the House of Welf.

Otto IV had the upper hand and became the Holy Roman Emperor at the expense of Philip of Swabia.

* 1205 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans.

The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia from the 1220s gives a firsthand account of the Christianization of Livonia, granted as a fief by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor, de facto but not known as the King of Germany, Philip of Swabia, to Bishop Albert of Buxthoeven, nephew of the Hartwig II, Archbishop of Bremen, who sailed with a convoy of ships filled with armed crusaders to carve out a Catholic territory in the east during the Livonian Crusade.

After the death of Emperor Henry VI, the majority of the princes of the Empire, situated in the south, elected Henry ’ s brother, Philip, Duke of Swabia, king in March 1198, after receiving money and promises from Philip in exchange for their support.

Otto also had the support of Ottokar I, the king of Bohemia, who although at first siding with Philip of Swabia, eventually threw in his lot with Otto.

After the death of Emperor Henry VI, who had recently also conquered the Kingdom of Sicily, the succession became disputed: as Henry's son Frederick was still a small child, the partisans of the Staufen dynasty elected Henry ’ s brother, Philip, Duke of Swabia, king in March 1198, whereas the princes opposed to the Staufen dynasty elected Otto, Duke of Brunswick, of the House of Welf.

In 1208, Philip of Swabia, the successful candidate for becoming the next emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was assassinated, meaning that the imperial crown was given to his rival, Otto IV, the nephew of King John.

* Hermann I of Thuringia submits to Philip of Swabia.

# Philip of Swabia ( August 1177 – killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208 ) King of Germany in 1198.

* June 21 – Philip of Swabia, King of Germany and rival to Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, is assassinated in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach, because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage.

* June 21 – Philip of Swabia, King of Germany

* Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.

* Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.

* Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angelina, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.

Pope Innocent III initially had supported the Welfs, but when Otto, now sole elected monarch, moved to appropriate Sicily, Innocent changed sides and accepted young Frederick II and his ally, King Philip II of France, who defeated Otto at the 1214 Battle of Bouvines.

Philip Murray is elected its first president.

However, upon being elected Pope at the papal conclave of 1303, he released King Philip IV of France from the excommunication that had been laid upon him by Boniface VIII, and practically ignored Boniface's bull Unam sanctam, which asserted papal supremacy over secular rulers.

On 5 December 1590, after two months of deadlock, Sfondrati, one of Philip II's seven candidates but who had not aspired to the office, was elected pope.

It is the business of the pope to look after the interests of the Roman empire, since the empire derives its origin and its final authority from the papacy ; its origin, because it was originally transferred from Greece by and for the sake of the papacy ... its final authority, because the emperor is raised to his position by the pope who blesses him, crowns him and invests him with the empire .... Therefore, since three persons have lately been elected king by different parties, namely the youth son of Henry VI, Philip Hohenstaufen, brother of Henry VI, and Otto Brunswick, of the Welf family, so also three things must be taken into account in regard to each one, namely: the legality, the suitability and the expediency of his election ...... Far be it from us that we should defer to man rather than to God, or that we should fear the countenance of the powerful .... On the foregoing grounds, then, we decide that the youth should not at present be given the empire ; we utterly reject Philip for his manifest unfitness and we order his usurpation to be resisted by all .... since Otto is not only himself devoted to the church, but comes from devout ancestors on both sides ..... therefore we decree that he ought to be accepted and supported as king, and ought to be given the crown of empire, after the rights of the Roman church have been secured.

He was the second Pope of the Avignon Papacy ( 1309 – 1377 ), elected by a conclave in Lyon assembled by King Philip V of France.

Following the strife between Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France, and the death after only eight months of his successor Benedict XI, a deadlocked conclave finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305.

He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor ; in return, Albert recognized the authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent.

* March – Philip of Swabia is elected King of Germany by his supporters.

Philip was elected as leader ( hegemon ) of the army of invasion against the Persian Empire.

Philip emerged victorious, after having sent his agent William Nogaret to arrest Boniface at Anagni, when the French archbishop Bertrand de Goth was elected pope as Clement V and the official seat of the papacy moved to Avignon, an enclave surrounded by French territories.

Pope John XXII, the second of the Avignon popes had been elected at a conclave assembled in Lyons during 1316 by Philip himself, and set out his renewed desire to see fresh crusades.

* Philip Manahan elected Abbot 10 December 2003.

The current supervisor is Philip H. Herrington ( R ), who was elected to the position in 1997.

All his ministers were elected, except for Elliott Lewis, who did not stand for election and was replaced by Sir Philip Fysh.

Meanwhile, a number of princes hostile to Philip, under the leadership of Adolph, Archbishop of Cologne, had elected an anti-king in the person of Otto, second son of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony.

The organization formed by this Unity Convention was known as the Workingmen's Party of the United States ( WPUS ), and the native English-speaking Philip Van Patten was elected as the party's first " Corresponding Secretary ," the official in charge of the day-to-day operations of the party.

Lisbon soon fell, and Philip was elected King of Portugal at the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar in 1581, on condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories would not become Spanish provinces.

Philip Augustus of France defeated an army consisting of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers, led by Otto IV of Germany.

* Minna von Barnhelm, edited with an introduction, German questions, notes and vocabulary, by Philip Schuyler Allen.

He built very little in these years ( one built commission was Philip Johnson's New York apartment ); the Nazis rejected his style as not " German " in character.

A former pupil of an eminent German scholar and educationist Valentin Friedland, Martin Helwig went on to study at the University of Wittenberg where as a student of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon he earned the academic degree of Magister, in 1552 he became Rector of St. Maria Magdalena School in Breslau ( now Wrocław, in Poland ).

Philip decided to take advantage of this situation, firstly in Germany where he supported the rebellion of the German nobility in support of the young Frederick.

( Looks at German Republicanism with contrasts and criticisms of Quentin Skinner and Philip Pettit ).

** Philip Wiegratz, German actor

An American ( in fact a German American ), Philip Schaff, was commissioned to supervise the first series of the NPNF.

It shortly rose to primary importance under Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, who was one of the leaders of German Protestantism.

** Philip Cluwer, German geographer and historian ( d. 1623 )

Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognised Rudolph himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile ( another grandson of Philip of Swabia ), who had been chosen German ( anti -) king in 1257 as the successor to Count William II of Holland, to do the same.

In 1332, when King Philip VI of France was conversing with the German priest Brocardus for advice and guidance, their topic shifted to the assassin.

Occupied Vienna is also colourfully depicted in the Philip Kerr novel, " A German Requiem.

Several of her friends and associates, especially Lord Lothian ( Philip Kerr ), became heavily involved in the German appeasement policy ; this group became known as the " Cliveden set ".

In spite of being supported by the German king Rudolph of Habsburg, who defeated Ottokar II at the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, Philip never gained actual power.

* Johann Philipp Reis, also known as Philip Reis, German scientist and inventor

* Philwold – German for " Phil's Woods " named by Philip Wechsler in 1939 to refer to the area around the 5 homes built by architect Eugene Schoen as a Usonian community for the Weschsler family in 1939.

In this fight against the French king, Baldwin allied with others who had quarrels with Philip, including kings Richard I and John of England, and the German King Otto IV.