Philosopher of religion Keith Ward has said scientism is philosophically inconsistent or even self-refuting, as the truth of the statements " no statements are true unless they can be proven scientifically ( or logically )" or " no statements are true unless they can be shown empirically to be true " cannot themselves be proven scientifically, logically, or empirically.

Philosopher Stephen Pepper also distinguished between theories and models, and said in 1948 that general models and theories are predicated on a " root " metaphor that constrains how scientists theorize and model a phenomenon and thus arrive at testable hypotheses.

Carmy has said that "' Police Philosopher ' was born the day I spied an ad in a professional journal, seeking a professor of philosophy prepared to teach at a local precinct so that the cops could get college credit without having to be on campus.

Philosopher Charles A. Moore said:

Our sources also make reference to it as the thirteenth book of the Laws ( though this presupposes the division of that dialogue into twelve books, which " is probably not earlier than the Hellenistic age "), as well as under the titles Nocturnal Council ( because it deals with the higher education of that Council, beyond what is described in Laws, in mathematics-based astronomy ) and Philosopher ( probably because the Nocturnal Council's members are " the counterpart of the guardians in the Republic who are said to be the true philosophers ").

* Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued that kindness and love are the " most curative herbs and agents in human intercourse ".

Philosopher Sidney Hook praised The Open Society and its Enemies as a " subtly argued and passionately written " critique of the " historicist ideas that threaten the love of freedom the existence of an open society ".

After their baptism they were forced to use Roman and Greek letters in the transcription of their Slavic words but these were not suitable ... At last, God, in his love for mankind, sent them St. Constantine the Philosopher, called Cyril, a learned and upright man, who composed for them thirty-eight letters, some ( 24 of them ) similar to the Greek, but some ( 14 of them ) different, suitable to express Slavic sounds.

Aristotle is referred to as " The Philosopher " by Scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas.

Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant's argument: that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible.

Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that concepts are " mere abstractions from what is known through intuitive perception, and they have arisen from our arbitrarily thinking away or dropping of some qualities and our retention of others.

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian Philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that egoistic or " life-affirming " behavior stimulates jealousy or " ressentiment " in others, and that this is the psychological motive for the altruism in Christianity.

Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise entitled That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

Galen was concerned to combine philosophical thought with medical practice, as in his brief work That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

Philosopher Albert Meltzer proposed that individualist anarchism differs radically from revolutionary anarchism, and that it " is sometimes too readily conceded ' that this is, after all, anarchism '.

Philosopher George Bernard Shaw initially had flirtations with individualist anarchism before coming to the conclusion that it was " the negation of socialism, and is, in fact, unsocialism carried as near to its logical conclusion as any sane man dare carry it.

Philosopher s of law ask " what is law?

Also of note is the work of the contemporary Philosopher of Law Ronald Dworkin who has advocated a constructivist theory of jurisprudence that can be characterized as a middle path between natural law theories and positivist theories of general jurisprudence.

Philosopher Mary Midgley, among others, argues that materialism is a self-refuting idea, at least in its eliminative form.

Philosopher Robert Nozick argues that Rand's foundational argument in ethics is unsound because she does not explain why someone could not rationally prefer dying and having no values.

Philosopher Kim Sterelny adds, " In claiming that species typically undergo no further evolutionary change once speciation is complete, they are not claiming that there is no change at all between one generation and the next.

Philosopher Igor Primoratz provides four reasons why he believes that state terrorism is typically morally worse than non-state terrorism.

Philosopher Stephen Maitzen has called this the " Heaven Swamps Everything " theodicy, and argues that it is false because it conflates compensation and justification.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

* 427 BC: Philosopher Plato is born

* Philosopher Tommaso Campanella organizes an uprising in Calabria against the rule of the Spanish viceroy ; he is captured, tortured and sentenced to 27 years in jail.

According to Russell Socrates can be analysed into the form ' The Philosopher of Greece.

To be such a painter, he was a profound and penetrating Philosopher.

* Philosopher John Searle suggests that the Western canon can be roughly defined as " a certain Western intellectual tradition that goes from, say, Socrates to Wittgenstein in philosophy, and from Homer to James Joyce in literature ..."

Philosopher Elliott Sober states that not even reason itself can be justified on any reasonable grounds, and that we must start with first principles of some kind ( otherwise an infinite regress occurs ).

Philosopher Philip Stokes of the University of Reading noted that overall, Foucault's work was " dark and pessimistic ", but that it did leave some room for optimism, in that it illustrates how the discipline of philosophy can be used to highlight areas of domination.

Famous scholastics such as Aquinas believed him to be so important they did not refer to him by name, simply calling him " The Commentator " and calling Aristotle " The Philosopher.

The Dungeon expansion was released in May 2009 and includes a new region, an L-shaped piece connected to one corner of the board, a new deck of cards called Dungeon cards to be used in the new region, as well as five new characters ( Gladiator, Amazon, Swashbuckler, Gypsy, and Philosopher ).

He complained of this assessment in his " Mathematicall Praeface ": " And for these, and such like marvellous Actes and Feates, Naturally, and Mechanically, wrought and contrived: ought any honest Student and Modest Christian Philosopher, be counted, & called a Conjurer?

In particular, Strauss argued that Plato's myth of the Philosopher king should be read as a reductio ad absurdum, and that philosophers should understand politics, not in order to influence policy but to ensure philosophy's autonomy from politics.

Philosopher Douglas Kellner traces the identification of American exceptionalism as a distinct phenomenon back to 19th century French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded by agreeing that the U. S., uniquely, was " proceeding along a path to which no limit can be perceived.

But the Character and Philosopher is what he seems to pretend to, and to be a good deal conceited of: the Others are put on to comply with Les Manieres du Monde, but that you are to suppose his real characteristic ; and I can't but fancy he is a great Pretender in All kinds of Science, as well as that he really has acquired an uncommon Share in some '.

The Chrysopoeia Ouroboros of Cleopatra is one of the oldest images of the Ouroboros to be linked with the legendary opus of the Alchemists, the Philosopher ’ s Stone.

It was mentioned in the Philosopher Commentary on the DVD collection that the names of Smith, Brown, and Jones may be endemic to the system itself, demonstrating a very " robotic " mindset on the part of the Machines.

Philosopher John Rawls concludes in A Theory of Justice that a just society must tolerate the intolerant, for otherwise, the society would then itself be intolerant, and thus unjust.

Philosopher John Rawls, in his A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ), developed a " second principle of justice " that economic and social inequalities can only be justified if they benefit the most disadvantaged members of society.