Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, " As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

People did not have to choose one or the other and in Biblia Americana Mather looked at the Bible through a scientific perspective, the complete opposite of when he wrote The Christian Philosopher, in which he decided to approach science in a religious manner ( Smolinski 280-281 ).

Philosopher of chemistry Jaap Brakel defines protoscience as " the study of normative criteria for the use of experimental technology in science.

* In Brian Stableford's science fiction story, “ The Philosopher ’ s Stone ”, published in the July 2008 issue of Asimov's Science Fiction, Kelley and Dee appear in a fictionalized version of their meeting and beginning collaboration.

Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn argued that scientists are strongly committed to their beliefs, theories and methods ( the collection of which he termed " paradigms "), and that science progresses mainly by paradigm shifts.

Philosopher of math and science Imre Lakatos, a student of Karl Popper, described the nature of science in a similar manner.

* Philosopher of science

Philosopher of science Eric Scerri criticizes both Capra and Zukav and similar books, E. R.

Philosopher and Roman Catholic priest Ernan McMullin also disagrees with Plantinga's call for a theistic science, stating that it should not be considered to be science at all, and suggesting that Plantinga seriously understates the evidential support for evolution.

Philosopher Paul Feyerabend called for a " democratization of science.

* Karl Popper on Information Philosopher

Philosopher Karl Jaspers, who had taken up residency in Switzerland, surrendered his German passport in protest.

Philosopher Karl Popper called the self-fulfilling prophecy the Oedipus effect:

Philosopher Karl Popper asserted, in The Open Society and Its Enemies Vol.

* Philosopher, sociologist and economic historian Karl Marx lived at Lee for a short period during the 19th century

Popper also suggests that Plato was the victim of his own vanity —— that he had designs to become the supreme Philosopher King of his vision.

Aristotle is referred to as " The Philosopher " by Scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas.

To be such a painter, he was a profound and penetrating Philosopher.

Philosopher and encyclopedist Mortimer Adler includes all such second-order questions about various fields of study, which are often found under various branches of philosophy beginning with the phrase " philosophy of ....", in his taxonomy.

Philosopher Ramon Llull ( 1235 – 1315 ) also used such techniques.

Philosopher John Deely has argued for the contentious claim that the label " postmodern " for thinkers such as Derrida et al.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

Famous scholastics such as Aquinas believed him to be so important they did not refer to him by name, simply calling him " The Commentator " and calling Aristotle " The Philosopher.

Philosopher and incompatibilist Peter van Inwagen introduces this thesis as such:

Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him ( including of course Saccheri ), Khayyám was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from " the principles of the Philosopher " ( Aristotle ):

Philosopher Nayef Al-Rodhan argues that previous concepts of civilizations, such as Samuel P. Huntington's arguments supporting a coming " clash of civilizations ," are misconstrued.

His influence was such that Avicenna referred to him simply as " the Master "; Maimonides, Alfarabi, Averroes, and Aquinas call him just " the Philosopher.

He complained of this assessment in his " Mathematicall Praeface ": " And for these, and such like marvellous Actes and Feates, Naturally, and Mechanically, wrought and contrived: ought any honest Student and Modest Christian Philosopher, be counted, & called a Conjurer?

The city also constituted an important intellectual center for a time during the Ottoman domination ( 1543-1854 ) with the Trikke School ( and later Greek School ), where famous intellectuals of the time, such as Dionysios the Philosopher, taught.

Philosopher John Kekes makes a similar point in his book The Art of Politics: The New Betrayal of America and How to Resist It in which he suggests that there is a danger to elevating any one particular political good – including equality of opportunity – without balancing competing goods such as justice, property rights, and others.

Many American hip hop artists were popular in Canada, and Black Canadian musicians such as Infidels, Deborah Cox and The Philosopher Kings had notable successes in the R & B, pop and rock genres ; however, even the most prominent Canadian hip hop acts during this era, including Ghetto Concept, Rascalz, Farm Fresh and Hip Club Groove, struggled to gain any kind of attention outside the campus radio underground.

Philosopher G. E. Moore cites a paradox in that such statements as " I went to the pictures last Tuesday but I don't believe it " can be true, are ( logically ) consistent, and are not ( obviously ) contradictions.

He gave his paintings enigmatic titles — such as The Nostalgia of the Infinite ( 1913 – 14 ), The Philosopher ’ s Conquest ( 1914 ), and The Soothsayer ’ s Recompense ( 1913 ) — that contribute to their cryptic effect.

Philosopher David Buller agrees with the general argument that the human mind has evolved over time but disagree with the specific claims evolutionary psychologists make.

Philosopher John Searle suggests that, despite the " opaque prose " and lofty claims of Giroux, he interprets the goal of Giroux's form of critical pedagogy " to create political radicals ", thus highlighting the contestable and antagonistic moral and political grounds of the ideals of citizenship and " public wisdom "; these varying moral perspectives of what is " right " are to be found in what John Dewey has referred to as the tensions between traditional and progressive education.

Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote that " wades resolutely into the comforting gloom surrounding these not quite forbidden topics and calmly, lucidly marshals the facts to ground his strikingly subversive Darwinian claims — subversive not of any of the things we properly hold dear but subversive of the phony protective layers of misinformation surrounding them.

Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian Philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

H. Freyer, as Philosopher and Sociologist, and the first Bearer of the German professorship for Sociology in Leipzig, keeps the mind that the notion of “ Ideal Type ” is “ a logical peculiarity of historical and cultural cognition ” and “ oversees the contrast of personal and general methods of thinking, on one hand, by defining the logical character in individual, and on the other, by progressing on the way to generalization only till showing the typicalness and not the pure general rule ”.

Philosopher George Walsh argues that Christianity can be seen as originating in a myth dressed up as history, or with a historical being mythologized into a supernatural one: he calls the former the Christ myth theory, and the latter the historical Jesus theory.

Philosopher Jürgen Habermas wrote of Bellah's work: " This great book is the intellectual harvest of the rich academic life of a leading social theorist who has assimilated a vast range of biological, anthropological, and historical literature in the pursuit of a breathtaking project ...

Philosopher Mary Midgley, among others, argues that materialism is a self-refuting idea, at least in its eliminative form.