Philosophers are not interested in the " Ship of Theseus " problem per se, but to a more basic problem which is this: How does one decide that X is the same as Y, where X describes something at one time, and Y describes another thing at a later time?

Philosophers of science began to pay increasing attention to developments in biology, from the rise of the Modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

Philosophers are less concerned with establishing fixed, controlled vocabularies than are researchers in computer science, while computer scientists are less involved in discussions of first principles, such as debating whether there are such things as fixed essences or whether entities must be ontologically more primary than processes.

Philosophers try to build knowledge on more than an inference or analogy.

Most of the biographical information we have of Theophrastus was provided by Diogenes Laërtius ' Lives of the Philosophers, written more than four hundred years after Theophrastus ' time.

Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.

-Peter H. Welch proposed the Starving Philosophers variant that demonstrates an unfortunate consequence of the behaviour of Java thread monitors is to make thread starvation more likely than strictly necessary.

Philosophers whose inspiration is more ontological, e. g. Heidegger, emphasize the uncovering of Being from the perspective of the experiencing human being, and how the world is revealed to this experiencing entity within a realm of things.

Philosophers and theologians more commonly use phrases like " perfectly good ", or simply the term " benevolence ".

There is also the lumpers / splitters problem, namely that some works split philosophy into more periods than others: one author might feel a strong need to differentiate between " The Age of Reason " or " Early Modern Philosophers " and " The Enlightenment "; another author might write from the perspective that 1600-1800 is essentially one continuous evolution, and therefore a single period.

His more important works include Critical Philosophy of Kant ( 1877 ), Hegel ( 1883 ), Evolution of Religion, Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte ( 1885 ), and Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers ( 1904 ).

Professional Philosophers therefore must either provide more detail regarding their views or accept that their views are simply ethnocentric.

Philosophers of science then began paying increasing attention to biology, from the rise of Neodarwinism in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

Philosophers of various stripes paid more attention to literature than their predecessors did.

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

Wright confirmed to be starring in The Philosophers, an American production which began filming July 2011 in Jakarta, Indonesia.

In the spring term of 1993 he conducted the first Russia Symposium from which others sponsored by the Society of Christian Philosophers ( SCP ) have followed, and he began the China Symposia in the fall term of 1994 from which SCP symposia have followed every year since ( except 2003 ).

Philosophers in moral theory and rhetoric had taken defeasibility largely for granted when American epistemologists rediscovered Wittgenstein's thinking on the subject: John Ladd, Roderick Chisholm, Roderick Firth, Ernest Sosa, Robert Nozick, and John L. Pollock all began writing with new conviction about how appearance as red was only a defeasible reason for believing something to be red.

Philosophers Bonnie Steinbock and William Baxter reject the concept of giving equal consideration.

* Directly linked to the Shield Hall, the Philosophers ’ Room takes its name from the twelve pictures of ancient philosophers which were set up here in the 18th century, to be later replaced with allegorical works and portraits of Doges.

Depiction of the fermentatio stage as hieros gamos, woodcut from the 18th century Rosary of the Philosophers.

Philosophers of Bahrain were highly esteemed, such as the 13th century mystic, Sheikh Maitham Al Bahrani ( died in 1299 ).

Later authors combined Daoism with Confucianism and Legalism, such as Liu An ( 2nd century BCE ), whose Huainanzi ( The Philosophers of Huai-nan ) also added to the fields of geography and topography.

Philosophers of the late 20th century who have written significant works on the subject of dignity include Mortimer Adler and Alan Gewirth.

Diogenes Laertius, an Epicurean philosopher of the third century, includes the story of Epimenides in his book On the Lives, Opinions, and Sayings of Famous Philosophers, in chapter ten in his section on the Seven Sages of Greece, precursors to the first philosophers.

Philosophers in the 17th century debated whether visual beauty was a necessary goal of landscaping.

Diogenes Laertius, who lived in the 3rd century, wrote Lives, Teachings, and Sayings of Famous Philosophers, a useful, though often unreliable, sourcebook.

' Sayings of the Philosophers ' are remarks of the philosophers gathered at the tomb of Alexander, who utter a series of apophthegms on the theme of the brevity of life and the transience of human achievement ... a work entitled ' Sayings of the Philosophers ' was first composed in Syriac in the sixth century ; a longer Arabic version was composed by Hunayan Ibn Ishaq ( 809-973 ) the distinguished scholar-translator, and a still longer one by al-Mubashshir ibn Fatiq ( who also wrote a book about Alexander ) around 1053.

Philosophers have found words objects of fascination since at least the 5th century BC, with the foundation of the philosophy of language.

The first recorded use of the phrase of mortuary respect, dates from the 4th century, published in the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers ( ca.

Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers () is a biography of the Greek philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius, written in Greek, perhaps in the first half of the third century AD.

The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( تهافت الفلاسفة Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ in Arabic ) is the title of a landmark 11th century polemic by the Sufi sympathetic Imam Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ) of the Asharite school of Islamic theology criticizing the Avicennian school of early Islamic philosophy.

The classical 12th century Islamic philosopher, Abubacer ( Ibn Tufail ), wrote a fictional Arabic narrative Philosophus Autodidactus as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then the 13th century Islamic theologian-philosopher Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional narrative Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Abubacer's Philosophus Autodidactus.

Philosophers continued to teach platonism in Athens during the Roman era, but it was not until the early 5th century ( c. 410 ) that a revived Academy was established by some leading Neoplatonists.

The surviving Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius ( 3rd century AD ) draws upon this tradition.

Philosophers ( and other users of logic ) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing ( or intentionally adding ) ambiguity in arguments, because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.

* Kirk G. S .; Raven, J. E. and Schofield, M. ( 1983 ) The Presocratic Philosophers: a critical history with a selection of texts ( 2nd ed.

Philosophers argue this evades the issue.

Philosophers have many differing views on what the fundamental categories of being are.

Philosophers since the time of Descartes and Locke have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and pin down its essential properties.

Philosophers and non-philosophers differ in their intuitions about what consciousness is.

Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

* < span id =" DK " class =" citation "> Freeman, Kathleen & Diels, Hermann ; Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: a complete translation of the fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker.

Marx explicitly developed the notion of critique into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his Theses on Feuerbach, " Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways ; the point is to change it.

Philosophers call such propositions " analytic.

* Føllesdal, Dagfinn, 1972, " An Introduction to Phenomenology for Analytic Philosophers " in Olson, R. E., and Paul, A. M., eds., Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia.

Philosophers identify independent, logical reasoning as a precondition to most western science, engineering, economic and political theory.

The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three letters, which are to be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius ' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, reported as well in Diogenes ' book X, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.

From at least the days of the Greek Philosophers, the relationship between faith and reason has been hotly debated.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume V: Modern Philosophy: The British Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume.

Several schools of thought existed within the medical field during Galen's lifetime, the main two being the Empiricists and Rationalists ( also called Dogmatists or Philosophers ), with the Methodists being a smaller group.

* van der Eijk P. Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity: Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease. Cambridge University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-521-81800-1, ISBN 978-0-521-81800-1