Philosophers and theologians such as Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, and historians Heinrich Graetz and Gottfried Bernhardy.

Philosophers and theologians aiming to defend theism against the threat of the dilemma have developed a variety of responses.

Philosophers and theologians influenced by him include his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, Jürgen Habermas, John Haas, Andrew Greeley, Rocco Buttiglione, Hans Köchler, George Weigel, Scott Hahn, Mary Beth Bonacci, Deirdre McQuade, Antoinette Bosco, Hans Küng, Yves Congar, Avery Dulles, John J. Myers, Raymond Leo Burke, Joseph Bernardin, Francis George, Timothy Dolan, Edward Egan, John O ' Connor, Fabian Bruskewitz, Christoph Schönborn, Stanisław Dziwisz, Franciszek Macharski, Józef Glemp, Peter Hans Kolvenbach, Paolo Dezza, Pedro Arrupe, Óscar Romero, Mother Teresa, Walter Kasper, Michael Fitzgerald, Jean-Marie Lustiger, André Vingt-Trois, Jarosław Gowin, Christopher West and Elio Sgreccia.

Philosophers are not interested in the " Ship of Theseus " problem per se, but to a more basic problem which is this: How does one decide that X is the same as Y, where X describes something at one time, and Y describes another thing at a later time?

Philosophers of science began to pay increasing attention to developments in biology, from the rise of the Modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

Philosophers are less concerned with establishing fixed, controlled vocabularies than are researchers in computer science, while computer scientists are less involved in discussions of first principles, such as debating whether there are such things as fixed essences or whether entities must be ontologically more primary than processes.

Philosophers try to build knowledge on more than an inference or analogy.

Most of the biographical information we have of Theophrastus was provided by Diogenes Laërtius ' Lives of the Philosophers, written more than four hundred years after Theophrastus ' time.

Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.

-Peter H. Welch proposed the Starving Philosophers variant that demonstrates an unfortunate consequence of the behaviour of Java thread monitors is to make thread starvation more likely than strictly necessary.

Philosophers whose inspiration is more ontological, e. g. Heidegger, emphasize the uncovering of Being from the perspective of the experiencing human being, and how the world is revealed to this experiencing entity within a realm of things.

There is also the lumpers / splitters problem, namely that some works split philosophy into more periods than others: one author might feel a strong need to differentiate between " The Age of Reason " or " Early Modern Philosophers " and " The Enlightenment "; another author might write from the perspective that 1600-1800 is essentially one continuous evolution, and therefore a single period.

His more important works include Critical Philosophy of Kant ( 1877 ), Hegel ( 1883 ), Evolution of Religion, Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte ( 1885 ), and Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers ( 1904 ).

Professional Philosophers therefore must either provide more detail regarding their views or accept that their views are simply ethnocentric.

Philosophers of science then began paying increasing attention to biology, from the rise of Neodarwinism in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

Philosophers and physicians more and more began to reject swaddling in the 18th century.

Philosophers of various stripes paid more attention to literature than their predecessors did.

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

His book titled The Incoherence of the Philosophers marks a major turn in Islamic epistemology, as Ghazali effectively discovered philosophical skepticism that would not be commonly seen in the West until René Descartes, George Berkeley and David Hume.

Philosophers study, rather than use, the concepts that structure our thinking.

Philosophers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.

Philosophers, following Joel Feinberg's influential book Harm to Self ( 1986 ), usually use " soft paternalism " for paternalism towards a person whose action or choice is insufficiently voluntary to be genuinely hers.

Philosophers and scientists who follow the Bayesian framework for inference use the mathematical rules of probability to find this best explanation.

The first recorded use of the phrase of mortuary respect, dates from the 4th century, published in the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers ( ca.

Philosophers such as Daniel Dennett also use the term.

Philosophers of Neuroscience have discussed such assumptions in the use of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dissociation in Cognitive Neuropsychology, single unit recording, and computational neuroscience.

Philosophers who use the word defeasible have historically had different world views from those who use the word indefeasible ( and this distinction has often been mirrored by Oxford and Cambridge zeitgeist ); hence it is rare to find authors who use both words.

Philosophers like Russell Blackford even argue that intolerance is, to some degree, important.

Some Jewish Philosophers, like Sadia Gaon rejected reincarnation as a Pagan doctrine.

Philosophers of biology argue about whether biological species, like the Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ), are natural kinds ; even such familiar species as bird, cat, and dog cannot be established as natural types, since any plausible definitions of those species leaves the classification of some animals ambiguous.

Philosophers like John Rawls, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau helped created the foundation of social contract.

The aim of “ The Book of Dead Philosophers ” is to examine, defend and refine the ideal of the philosophical death in the context of a culture like ours that is defined by a denial of death.

Philosophers are, or at least are expected to be, very good at giving arguments.

Philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion.

*" Philosophers and poets, thinkers of high and low degree from every age and race have sought to expound the meaning of virtue, but each teaches his own conception of the moral excellence that satisfies standards of good conduct.

Philosophers took all the things that they considered good, Power, Love, Knowledge and Size, and posited that God was " infinite " in all these respects.

The group at this time is sometimes referred to as the " Lunar circle ", though this is a later description used by historians, and the group themselves used a variety of less specific descriptions, including " Birmingham Philosophers " or simply " fellow-schemers ".

At the Philosophers ’ Conference of October 1962 in Münster, at which Habermas wrote that Adorno was " A writer among bureaucrats ", Adorno presented " Progress.

Idle is an accomplished songwriter, having composed and performed many of the Pythons ' most famous comic pieces, including " Eric the Half-a-Bee ", " The Philosophers ' Song ", " Galaxy Song ", " Penis Song ( Not the Noel Coward Song )" and, probably his most recognised hit, " Always Look on the Bright Side of Life ", which was written for the closing scene of the Monty Python film Life of Brian, and sung from the crosses during the mass crucifixion.

* David Hartley by Victor L. Nuovo, in " The Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century British Philosophers ", Thoemmes Press.

Philosophers of mathematics sometimes assert that mathematicians choose axioms " arbitrarily ", but the truth is that although they may appear arbitrary when viewed only from the point of view of the canons of deductive logic, that is merely a limitation on the purposes that deductive logic serves.

* Fuchs, A. H., " Contributions of American Mental Philosophers to Psychology in The United States ", History of Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 1, ( February 2000 ), pp. 3 – 19.

The Deipnosophistae ( deipnon, " dinner ", and sophistai, " professors "; original Greek title, Deipnosophistai, English Deipnosophists ) may be translated as The Banquet of the Learned or Philosophers at Dinner or The Gastronomers.

* " Bruces ' Philosophers Song " – The University of Woolloomooloo's Philosophy Department throws cans of Foster's Lager at the audience and perform " The Philosophers ' Song ", accompanied by large Gilliam cutouts, detailing the drinking habits of history's great thinkers and project lyrics for the audience and viewers to sing along to.

Steffens was one of the so-called " Philosophers of Nature ", a friend and adherent of Schelling and of Schleiermacher.

Similar legends may be found in Wolfram von Eschenbach's description of the Holy Grail as the " Lapis Exillis ", guarded by the Knights Templar, or in the Philosophers ' stone of the alchemists, the " Lapis Elixir ".

Stonyhurst applied for recognition as an institution preparing for London degrees, and this right was granted it in 1840, allowing both lay and clerical students to prepare for London University degrees: the lay students were called " Philosophers ", as had been the students at Liège back in the 1620s.

The following sketches are from the TV series: " Church Police ", " Bruces / Philosopher's Song ( minus The Philosophers Song )", " Cheese Shop ", " Mrs. Niggerbaiter Explodes ", " Boxing Tonight ", " Oscar Wilde ", and " Buying a Cat ".

* " The Laughter of the Philosophers ", First Things 149 ( January 2005 ): 31-38.

* " The Laughter of the Philosophers ", First Things 149 ( January 2005 ): 31-38.

known as the Huainanzi ( 淮南子 ), translated as " Book of the Master of Huainan ", or the " Huainan Philosophers ".