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Philosophers and scientists
Philosophers and scientists have responded to this difficulty in a variety of ways.
Philosophers are less concerned with establishing fixed, controlled vocabularies than are researchers in computer science, while computer scientists are less involved in discussions of first principles, such as debating whether there are such things as fixed essences or whether entities must be ontologically more primary than processes.
Philosophers and scientists such as Victor Reppert, William Hasker and Alvin Plantinga have developed an argument for dualism dubbed the " Argument from Reason " and credit C. S.
Philosophers and scientists can work together at the borders between biology, social science and the humanities.
Philosophers and scientists who follow the Bayesian framework for inference use the mathematical rules of probability to find this best explanation.
Philosophers and scientists including Victor Reppert, William Hasker, and Alvin Plantinga have expanded on the " Argument from Reason " and credit Lewis with first bringing the argument to light in Miracles.

Philosophers and have
Philosophers have many differing views on what the fundamental categories of being are.
Philosophers since the time of Descartes and Locke have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and pin down its essential properties.
Marx explicitly developed the notion of critique into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his Theses on Feuerbach, " Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways ; the point is to change it.
Philosophers who have criticized the concept of human rights include Jeremy Bentham, Edmund Burke, Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx.
Philosophers have developed two rival theories for how this happens, called endurantism and perdurantism.
Philosophers Richard Wollheim and Thomas Baldwin have argued that Sartre's attempt to show that Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious is mistaken is based on a misinterpretation of Freud.
Philosophers, such as Fiona Cowie and Barbara Scholz with Geoffrey Pullum have also argued against certain nativist claims in support of empiricism.
Philosophers Randall Dipert and Roderick Long have argued that Objectivist epistemology conflates the perceptual process by which judgments are formed with the way in which they are to be justified, thereby leaving it unclear how judgments with propositional structure can be validated by sensory data.
Philosophers across many traditions, from Stoicism to Buddhism, have suggested that a spiritual practice is essential for personal well being.
Philosophers, he suggests, may have made the error of hypostatizing simplicity ( i. e. endowed it with a sui generis existence ), when it has meaning only when embedded in a specific context ( Sober 1992 ).
Philosophers have investigated the criteria by which a scientific theory can be said to have successfully explained a phenomenon, as well as what gives a scientific theory explanatory power.
Philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Maimonides, Aquinas and Hegel are sometimes said to have argued that reason must be fixed and discoverable — perhaps by dialectic, analysis, or study.
Philosophers, mathematicians, and others ancient and modern such as Aristotle, Plato, Frege, Wittgenstein, Russell etc., have made a distinction between thought corresponding to reality, coherent abstractions, and that which cannot even be rationally thought.
Philosophers have argued that either Determinism is true or Indeterminism is true, but also that Free Will either exists or it does not.
Philosophers have long ignored this problem and devised systems of ethics that are powerless against our temporally biased policies.
Philosophers of science have emphasized the importance of heuristics in creative thought and constructing scientific theories.
Philosophers and social psychologists have noted that pride is a complex secondary emotion which requires the development of a sense of self and the mastery of relevant conceptual distinctions ( e. g., that pride is distinct from happiness and joy ) through language-based interaction with others.
Most of the biographical information we have of Theophrastus was provided by Diogenes Laërtius ' Lives of the Philosophers, written more than four hundred years after Theophrastus ' time.
Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.
Philosophers such as Karl Popper and John Eccles and quantum physicist Henry Stapp have theorized that such indeterminacy may apply even at the macroscopic scale.
This idealist understanding of philosophy as interpretation was famously challenged by Karl Marx's 11th thesis on Feuerbach ( 1845 ): " Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways ; the point, however, is to change it.
Philosophers, such as Karl R. Popper, have provided influential theories of the scientific method within which scientific evidence plays a central role.

Philosophers and proposed
-Peter H. Welch proposed the Starving Philosophers variant that demonstrates an unfortunate consequence of the behaviour of Java thread monitors is to make thread starvation more likely than strictly necessary.

Philosophers and theories
Philosophers in ancient societies were interested in how humans acquired the ability to understand and produce language well before empirical methods for testing those theories were developed, but for the most part they seemed to regard language acquisition as a subset of man's ability to acquire knowledge and learn concepts.
Philosophers of language and semioticians construct and analyze theories of knowledge transfer or communication.
In fact, the attacks directed against the philosophers by Gazzali in his work, " TuḦfat al-Falasafa " ( The Destruction of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism, they thereafter making their theories clearer and their logic closer.
Philosophers such as Kant, Schiller and Hegel, and political philosophers such as Marx, presented general theories of history that shared essential characteristics with the Biblical account: they conceived of history as a coherent whole, governed by certain basic characteristics or immutable principles.

Philosophers and evolution
There is also the lumpers / splitters problem, namely that some works split philosophy into more periods than others: one author might feel a strong need to differentiate between " The Age of Reason " or " Early Modern Philosophers " and " The Enlightenment "; another author might write from the perspective that 1600-1800 is essentially one continuous evolution, and therefore a single period.

Philosophers and include
Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.
Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).
Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of the gaffe include Freud and Gilles Deleuze.
Philosophers in modern-day Israel in the rationalist tradition include David Hartman and Moshe Halbertal.
Philosophers of the late 20th century who have written significant works on the subject of dignity include Mortimer Adler and Alan Gewirth.
Philosophers working in the intersection of Thomism and analytic philosophy include: David Braine, Brian Davies OP ( Fordham ), Gabriele De Anna ( Udine ), John Finnis ( Oxford ), Peter Geach, John Haldane ( St Andrews ), Jonathan Jacobs ( Colgate ), Anthony Kenny ( Oxford ), Fergus Kerr OP ( Oxford ), Gyula Klima ( Fordham ), Norman Kretzmann, John Lamont, Anthony J. Lisska ( Denison ), Alasdair MacIntyre ( Notre Dame ), Bruce D. Marshall ( Southern Methodist Univ ), William Marshner ( Christendom ), Christopher Martin ( St Thomas, Houston ), Cyrille Michon ( Nantes, France ), Mark Murphy ( Georgetown ), Herbert McCabe, John P. O ' Callaghan ( Notre Dame ), Claude Panaccio ( UQAM ), Robert Pasnau ( CU Boulder ), Craig Paterson ( Independent Scholar ), Roger Pouivet ( Nancy, France ) Matthew S. Pugh ( Providence College ), Eleonore Stump ( Saint Louis ), Thomas Sullivan and Sandra Menssen ( University of St. Thomas, MN ), Stephen Theron, Denys Turner ( Yale ), Michael Thompson ( Pittsburgh ).
Philosophers such as Gareth Evans have insisted that the theory's account of the dubbing process needs to be broadened to include what are called ' multiple groundings '.
His more important works include Critical Philosophy of Kant ( 1877 ), Hegel ( 1883 ), Evolution of Religion, Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte ( 1885 ), and Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers ( 1904 ).
Examples include the Azoth of the Philosophers of Basil Valentine and the Hieroglyphic Monad of Dr. John Dee.
His other works include Sartre and the Sacred ( 1974 ), Enchantments: Religion and the Power of the Word ( 1989 ), Merton: Mystic at the Center of America ( 1992 ) and Jung's Four and Some Philosophers ( 1999 ).
Philosophers and theologians influenced by him include his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, Jürgen Habermas, John Haas, Andrew Greeley, Rocco Buttiglione, Hans Köchler, George Weigel, Scott Hahn, Mary Beth Bonacci, Deirdre McQuade, Antoinette Bosco, Hans Küng, Yves Congar, Avery Dulles, John J. Myers, Raymond Leo Burke, Joseph Bernardin, Francis George, Timothy Dolan, Edward Egan, John O ' Connor, Fabian Bruskewitz, Christoph Schönborn, Stanisław Dziwisz, Franciszek Macharski, Józef Glemp, Peter Hans Kolvenbach, Paolo Dezza, Pedro Arrupe, Óscar Romero, Mother Teresa, Walter Kasper, Michael Fitzgerald, Jean-Marie Lustiger, André Vingt-Trois, Jarosław Gowin, Christopher West and Elio Sgreccia.
Some editions of the Moralia include several works now known to be pseudepigrapha: among these are the Lives of the Ten Orators ( biographies of the Ten Orators of ancient Athens, based on Caecilius of Calacte ), The Doctrines of the Philosophers, and On Music.
Philosophers within the camp of the Hegelian right include:

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