Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism.

* Philosophical anarchism

* Philosophical anarchism

He is a member both of the National Academy of Sciences and of the American Philosophical Society ; ;

Philosophical aesthetics has not only to speak about art and to produce judgments about art works, but has also to give a definition of what art is.

Philosophical Taoism also proposes a transcendent operant principle — transliterated in English as tao or dao, meaning ' the way ' — which is neither an entity or a being per se, but reflects the natural ongoing process of the world.

Philosophical vacuity is a common theme among Asian wisdom traditions including Taoism ( especially Wu wei " effortless action "), Buddhism, and some aspects of Confucianism.

Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience.

de Klerk is an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society and Honorary Chairman of the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences ( 1817 – 1830 ) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of " mutual recognition.

His philosophy is often divided between his early period, exemplified by the Tractatus, and later period, articulated in the Philosophical Investigations.

In the Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein wrote that there is not a metaphilosophy.

* Minerva is the patroness of the Union Philosophical Society of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

The Ayn Rand Society, dedicated to fostering the scholarly study of Objectivism, is affiliated with the American Philosophical Association's Eastern Division.

Philosophical method ( or philosophical methodology ) is the study of how to do philosophy.

Philosophical Investigations ( Philosophische Untersuchungen ) is a highly influential work by the 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Philosophical Investigations is unique in its approach to philosophy.

In remark # 23 of Philosophical Investigations he points out that the practice of human language is more complex than the simplified views of language that have been held by those who seek to explain or simulate human language by means of a formal system.

Philosophical pessimism is the similar but not identical idea that life has a negative value, or that this world is as bad as it could possibly be.

# Philosophical posthumanism: a philosophical direction which is critical of the foundational assumptions of Renaissance humanism and its legacy.

Philosophical and religious beliefs regarding the existence or non-existence of an unchanging " self " have a direct bearing on how reincarnation is viewed within a given tradition.

Philosophical skepticism is an overall approach that requires all information to be well supported by evidence.

“ What is it like to be a bat ?” Philosophical Review, 83: 435 – 450.

* Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Speciation in microorganisms is freely available.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth chapters of the Differential Equations is an account of the general symbolic method, and of a general method in analysis, originally described in his memoir printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1844.

* The Philosophical Roots of the Marx-Bakunin Conflict — An outline of the divergent philosophical and methodological foundations of Mikhail Bakunin, as a prime representative of the anarchist critic of Marxism, and Karl Marx, concerning human nature, freedom and political organization.

Using first-hand remarks ( which would later be published in Philosophical Investigations, Culture and Value, and other works ), philosophers such as Peter Winch and Norman Malcolm developed what has come to be known as contemplative philosophy, a Wittgensteinian school of thought rooted in the " Swansea tradition " and which includes Wittgensteinians such as Rush Rhees, Peter Winch and D. Z. Phillips, among others.

He ran a school founded on the progressive teaching methods of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and also served as Secretary of the Derby Philosophical Society, a scientific society which had been founded in the 1790s by Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles.

Herder was at his best during this period, and produced works such as his unfinished Outline of a Philosophical History of Humanity which largely originated the school of historical thought.

Shalva Nutsubidze ( December 14, 1888-January 6, 1969 ) was a Georgian philosopher, translator and public benefactor, one of founders of the Tbilisi State University ( TSU ), founder of Alethology, one of founders of the scientific school in the field of history of Georgian philosophy, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences ( GAS ), Meritorious Scientific Worker of Georgia, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor.

Born in Promina near Knin, and having finished pedagogical school and Philosophical Faculty at the University of Zadar, Aralica had worked in post-war period as a high school teacher in the backwater villages of the rural hinterland of northern and central Dalmatia.

Philosophical realism was the dominant philosophical school of Anselm's day, and stemmed from Platonism.

His work On Philosophical Schools appears to have been rich in facts and critical remarks, and the notices which we have about Socrates, and on the books of Plato and others of the Socratic school, given on the authority of Panaetius, were probably taken from that work.

In 1861, he graduated as bachelor in Philosophical Sciences in the school of Guanare.

A Philosophical Garden is a garden whose design reflects the teachings and practices of philosophical school.

Philosophical thought was decisively shaped by Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ).

Bukharin made several notable contributions to Marxist-Leninist thought, most notably The Economics of the Transition Period ( 1920 ) and his prison writings, Philosophical Arabesques, ( which clearly reveal Bukharin had corrected the ' one-sidedness ' of his thought ), as well as being a founding member of the Soviet Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a keen botanist.

Philosophical Taoism or Daoism ( 道家 ; Dàojiā ; Tao-chia ; " School of the Way ") developed into the second most significant stream of Chinese thought.

Philosophical logic is a term introduced by Bertrand Russell to represent his idea that the workings of natural language and thought can only be adequately represented by an artificial language ; essentially it was his formalization program for the natural language.

Philosophical, specifically non-religious thought about the natural world goes back to ancient Greece.

A benchmark in Royce ’ s career and thought occurred when he returned to California to speak to the Philosophical Union at Berkeley, and ostensibly to defend his concept of God from the criticisms of George Holmes Howison, Joseph Le Conte, and Sidney Mezes, a meeting the New York Times called “ a battle of the giants .” There Royce offered a new modal version of his proof for the reality of God based upon ignorance rather than error, based upon the fragmentariness of individual existence rather than its epistemological uncertainty.

Two of the city's institutions, the Library Company and the American Philosophical Society, were centers of enlightened thought and scientific inquiry.

While Trembley thought he had discovered a new species, Leeuwenhoek had in fact first published on Hydra in 1702-1703 volume of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, describing them as a type of " animalculum ".

Namboodiripad in his overall appreciative review of the book criticised Chattopadhyaya for not able to " explain in a sufficiently convincing way as to why Lenin thought it necessary to go to Hegel in his later years ", as evident from his Philosophical Notebooks of 1914.

Edmund Burke in his 1757 Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful said the soft gentle curves appealed, he thought, to the male sexual desire, while the sublime horrors appealed to our desires for self-preservation.

She was one of a select group of students to whom Wittgenstein dictated the so-called Blue and Brown Books, which outline the transition in Wittgenstein's thought between his two major works, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations.

His first Philosophical Letter has been labeled the " opening shot " of the Westernizer-Slavophile controversy which was dominant in Russian social thought of the nineteenth century ..

Philosophical atheist thought appears in Europe and Asia from the sixth or fifth century BCE.

Thus, Matilal presented Indian Philosophical thought more as a synthesis rather than a mere exposition.