He is a member both of the National Academy of Sciences and of the American Philosophical Society ; ;

Philosophical aesthetics has not only to speak about art and to produce judgments about art works, but has also to give a definition of what art is.

Philosophical Taoism also proposes a transcendent operant principle — transliterated in English as tao or dao, meaning ' the way ' — which is neither an entity or a being per se, but reflects the natural ongoing process of the world.

Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience.

de Klerk is an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society and Honorary Chairman of the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

Philosophical anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy and-in contrast to revolutionary anarchism-does not advocate violent revolution to eliminate it but advocate peaceful evolution to superate it.

Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism.

A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences ( 1817 – 1830 ) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of " mutual recognition.

His philosophy is often divided between his early period, exemplified by the Tractatus, and later period, articulated in the Philosophical Investigations.

In the Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein wrote that there is not a metaphilosophy.

* Minerva is the patroness of the Union Philosophical Society of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

The Ayn Rand Society, dedicated to fostering the scholarly study of Objectivism, is affiliated with the American Philosophical Association's Eastern Division.

Philosophical method ( or philosophical methodology ) is the study of how to do philosophy.

Philosophical Investigations ( Philosophische Untersuchungen ) is a highly influential work by the 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Philosophical Investigations is unique in its approach to philosophy.

In remark # 23 of Philosophical Investigations he points out that the practice of human language is more complex than the simplified views of language that have been held by those who seek to explain or simulate human language by means of a formal system.

Philosophical pessimism is the similar but not identical idea that life has a negative value, or that this world is as bad as it could possibly be.

# Philosophical posthumanism: a philosophical direction which is critical of the foundational assumptions of Renaissance humanism and its legacy.

Philosophical and religious beliefs regarding the existence or non-existence of an unchanging " self " have a direct bearing on how reincarnation is viewed within a given tradition.

Philosophical skepticism is an overall approach that requires all information to be well supported by evidence.

“ What is it like to be a bat ?” Philosophical Review, 83: 435 – 450.

* Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Speciation in microorganisms is freely available.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth chapters of the Differential Equations is an account of the general symbolic method, and of a general method in analysis, originally described in his memoir printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1844.

Philosophical systematics requires a close historical reading of the entire common tradition of Western philosophy, from the early Greeks onward.

Bartley and Popper had a great admiration for each other, driven by their common stand against justificationism, a view which Popper fought at the British Academy's Annual Philosophical Lecture in 1960 for the first time.

He returned to this theme in Principium Sapientiae: The Origins of Greek Philosophical Thought ( posthumously published, 1952 ).

Voltaire used this theme in the Philosophical Dictionary to fight against the Catholic Church.

Using first-hand remarks ( which would later be published in Philosophical Investigations, Culture and Value, and other works ), philosophers such as Peter Winch and Norman Malcolm developed what has come to be known as contemplative philosophy, a Wittgensteinian school of thought rooted in the " Swansea tradition " and which includes Wittgensteinians such as Rush Rhees, Peter Winch and D. Z. Phillips, among others.

" A. C. Graham, < i > Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China </ i > ( Chicago: Open Court, 2003 ) p. 89 .</ ref > Other interpretations have been put forward by Fung Yu-lan and Chad Hansen among others ( ibid.

* American Philosophical Society: many Cincinnati were among its first board members and contributors ; modern societies maintain informal, collegial relationships only

An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language ( London, 1668 ) is the best-remembered of the numerous works of John Wilkins, in which he expounds a new universal language, meant primarily to facilitate international communication among scholars, but envisioned for use by diplomats, travelers, and merchants as well.

The argument appears, among other places, in Voltaire's Candide and Philosophical Dictionary.

Most notable among Mead's published papers are “ Suggestions Towards a Theory of the Philosophical Disciplines ” ( 1900 ); “ Social Consciousness and the Consciousness of Meaning ” ( 1910 ); “ What Social Objects Must Psychology Presuppose ” ( 1910 ); “ The Mechanism of Social Consciousness ” ( 1912 ); “ The Social Self ” ( 1913 ); “ Scientific Method and the Individual Thinker ”( 1917 ); “ A Behavioristic Account of the Significant Symbol ” ( 1922 ); “ The Genesis of Self and Social Control ” ( 1925 ); “ The Objective Reality of Perspectives ” ( 1926 );” The Nature of the Past ” ( 1929 ); and “ The Philosophies of Royce, James, and Dewey in Their American Setting ” ( 1929 ).

To his research are due, among other matters of literary interest, the first account of Thomas Carlyle's Lectures on periods of European culture ; the identification of Shelley as the author of a review ( in The Critical Review of December 1814 ) of a lost romance by James Hogg ; a description of Shelley's Philosophical View of Reform ; a manuscript diary of Fabre d ' Églantine ; and a record by Dr Wilhelm Weissenborn of Goethe's last days and death.

Philosophical reflection on the gods, on religion, and on the origins and governance of the Universe, flourished in the Hellenistic period among both Greek-and Latin-speaking thinkers.

During the inquiry, La Barre's bedroom was searched and among his ( mainly pornographic ) prohibited books, Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary was found-providing a pretext to blame the Philosophes for the young men's misbehavior.

Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century ( 2003 ), his two-volume history of analytic philosophy developed from a lecture course regularly given at Princeton, has been the subject of significant controversy among historians of analytic philosophy, with exchanges, often heated, on the Notre Dame Philosophical Review, Brian Weatherson's blog, the journal The Philosophical Quarterly, and Soames's own web page.

Heberden, who was also a classical scholar, published several papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ; and among his noteworthy contributions to the Medical Transactions ( issued, largely at his suggestion, by the College of Physicians ) were papers on chickenpox ( 1767 ) and angina pectoris ( 1768 ).

New College ( The School of Divinity in The University of Edinburgh ) is a multi-disciplinary unit rated among the best schools of Theology, Philosophical Theology, & Religious Studies in the UK, according to the most recent national Research Assessment Exercises.

The Plassey Philosophical Society was founded at this time by, among others, Carmel O ' Sullivan, Richard Lynch and Andrew Elder.

He also held membership of the Association for Asian Studies and of the American Philosophical Society.