Photomultipliers are constructed from a glass envelope with a high vacuum inside, which houses a photocathode, several dynodes, and an anode.

* Photomultipliers are used in conjunction with scintillators to detect Ionizing radiation by means of hand held and fixed radiation protection instruments, and particle radiation in physics experiments.

* Photomultipliers were the first electric eye devices, being used to measure interruptions in beams of light.

Photomultipliers are still commonly used wherever low levels of light must be detected.

* Photomultipliers are used in research laboratories to measure the intensity and spectrum of light-emitting materials such as compound semiconductors and quantum dots.

* Photomultipliers are used as the detector in many spectrophotometers.

* Photomultipliers are used in numerous medical equipment designs.

* Photomultipliers are typically used as the detectors in Flying-spot scanners.

Photomultipliers offer the best possible opportunity to exceed the Johnson noise for many configurations.

As I dug in behind one of the bales we were using as protection, I grudgingly found myself agreeing with Oso's logic, especially when I imagined what would have happened to Missy if Old Knife's large party of screeching warriors had overrun our company.

Thirty minutes later, the outrigger grated on sand and other girls, waiting on shore, rushed forward to pull it up on the beach and make it fast with vine ropes to a large boulder.

Waddell, the newspaperman, was a fellow in his middle forties, with a graying crewcut, heavy-framed glasses, and a large jaw padded with fat.

He saw a pint-sized man with a graying spade beard and an unusually large head.

Thus, Margenau remarks: `` A large number of unrelated epicycles was needed to explain the observations, but otherwise the ( Ptolemaic ) system served well and with quantitative precision.

Solid brick buildings painted dazzling white, large domes and tall, picturesque palms stretched as far as the eye could see, while the wharves and harbor were filled with tall-masted sailing ships.

after all, the large ( and probably unreliable ) Reader's Digest literature on the `` most unforgettable character I ever met '' deals with village grocers, country doctors, favorite if illiterate aunts, and so forth.

In this essay, we are, along with most historians, interested in the more general or more inclusive ideas, that are so to speak `` writ large '' in history of literature where they recur continually.

Some students from the University returned around six with a large pot containing enough hot soup to last me a week.

He had a small mouth with deep furrows on either side, a large flat nose, and penetrating blue eyes.

And they have done this on a very large scale, with a veritable flood of novels and stories which are either dystopias or narratives of adventure with dystopian elements.

For the first time in history the entire world is dominated by two large, powerful nations armed with murderous nuclear weapons that make conventional warfare of the past a nullity.

It seems that Khrushchev himself took a very special pride in having made a world-shaking contribution to Marxist doctrine with his Draft Program ( a large part of his twelve-hour speech at the recent Congress was, in fact, very largely a rehash of that interminable document ).

He smiled and stuck a large finger with white hairs sprouting on it into his ear as though that might help.

Over the door was a board with large, inept lettering: home sweet home.

The District Courts, in the framing of equitable decrees, are clothed ' with large discretion to model their judgements to fit the exigencies of the particular case.

He must deal with the question of how to manage a part when it cannot be handled without relation to the whole -- when the whole is too large to grasp.

With colleges and universities carrying a large part of the program, and with students looking toward Peace Corps service, there will be an impact on educational curriculum and student seriousness.

Some 45 frequencies are assigned for use primarily by dominant Class 1, -- A or Class 1, -- B clear-channel stations, designed to operate with adequate power and to provide service -- both groundwave and ( at night ) skywave -- over large areas and at great distances, being protected against interference to the degree necessary to achieve this objective.

And, besides, there are a large number of scholars, artists, composers of music, novelists, poets, essayists, choreographers, lawyers, servants of government, and men of affairs -- hundreds, indeed -- who serve the Foundation well with the advice they give us freely and gratis out of their experience.

The problem of efficient production in textiles is complicated by the fact that the industry serves large markets which shift quickly with changes of fashion in apparel or home decoration.

I walked to the right around it to buildings containing illuminated manuscripts and came to the Treasury, which houses such things as coffee cups covered with diamonds, jewelled swords, rifles glittering with diamonds and huge divan-like thrones as large as small beds, on which the sultans sat cross-legged.

The distances may be marked with indelible ink and a fine-point pen, by sewing fine threads into the fabric, or by a specially designed stamping machine.

These measured positions are then compared with those calculated by the laws of celestial mechanics: an assembly of calculated positions is often referred to as an ephemeris, in which distances are commonly calculated in astronomical units.

Expansion boards were made by Richmond Sound Design that allow their show control and sound design software to communicate with their custom hardware frames either by ribbon cable or fiber optic cable for long distances, allowing the Amiga to control up to eight million digitally controlled external audio, lighting, automation, relay and voltage control channels spread around a large theme park, for example.

Bow hunting differs markedly from hunting with firearms, as the distances between the hunter and the game are much shorter in order to ensure a humane kill.

Black Crystals cut from the same mineral deposit could be " tuned " to sympathetically vibrate with each other instantly, even when separated by interstellar distances, allowing instantaneous telephone-like voice and data communication.

They are listed clockwise, beginning south, with their respective linear distances to Aalen town centre given in brackets:

Practical tip to screen distances may range from several centimeters to several meters, with increased detector area required at larger to subtend the same field of view.

However, many " free " BBSes also maintained close knit communities, and some even had annual or bi-annual events where users would travel great distances to meet face-to-face with their on-line friends.

The majority of bombing was still done by one-engined biplanes with one or two crew-members flying short distances to attack the enemy lines and immediate hinterland.

Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances ( using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400 – 2480 MHz ) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks ( PANs ) with high levels of security.

In the late 1920s, Heinzer Dehmer suggested Beowulf as contextually based in the folktale type “ The Hand and the Child ,” due to the motif of the “ monstrous arm ”— a motif that distances Grettis saga and Beowulf and further aligns Beowulf with Irish parallelism.

They are known for their alarm signal: when startled or frightened, a swimming beaver will rapidly dive while forcefully slapping the water with its broad tail, audible over great distances above and below water.

Thus, it has been known for many years that, due to repulsive Coulombic interactions, electrically charged macromolecules in an aqueous environment can exhibit long-range crystal-like correlations with interparticle separation distances, often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter.

Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or cycling, though in many settings this may require some infrastructure modification, particularly to attract the less experienced and confident.

Specifically, after acknowledging the various popular theories in vogue at the time, of how atoms were reasoned to attach to each other, i. e. " hooked atoms ", " glued together by rest ", or " stuck together by conspiring motions ", Newton states that he would rather infer from their cohesion, that " particles attract one another by some force, which in immediate contact is exceedingly strong, at small distances performs the chemical operations, and reaches not far from the particles with any sensible effect.

Different compounds in the sample mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile phase.

Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy.

All living canids ( Caninae ) have a ligament analogous to the nuchal ligament of ungulates used to maintain the posture of the head and neck with little active muscle exertion ; this ligament allows them to conserve energy while running long distances following scent trails with their nose to the ground.

Here, each vertex ( pole ) is associated with a face plane ( polar plane or just polar ) so that the ray from the center to the vertex is perpendicular to the plane, and the product of the distances from the center to each is equal to the square of the radius.

The distance scale is relative ; one arbitrarily picks a line segment with a certain length as the unit, and other distances are expressed in relation to it.

This is in contrast to dipole parts of the EM field close to the source ( the near-field ), which varies in power according to an inverse cube power law, and thus does not transport a conserved amount of energy over distances, but instead dies away rapidly with distance, with its energy ( as noted ) either rapidly returning to the transmitter, or else absorbed by a nearby receiver ( such as a transformer secondary coil ).

Similar dust plumes originate in the Gobi desert, which combined with pollutants, spread large distances downwind, or eastward, into North America.