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Phylogenetic and analysis
Phylogenetic analysis by Chris Organ, Charles Nunn, Zarin Machanda, and Richard Wrangham suggests that cooking may have been invented as far back as 1. 8 million to 2. 3 million years ago.
Phylogenetic analysis of these genes places the adenoviruses ( Adenoviridae ), bacteriophages ( Caudovirales ) and the plant and fungal linear plasmids into a single clade.
Phylogenetic analysis shows that the devil is most closely related to quolls.
Phylogenetic analysis identified seven genotypes of yellow fever viruses, and it is assumed that they are differently adapted to humans and to the vector Aedes aegypti.
Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S ribosomal gene has revealed that the Acanthocephala are most closely related to the rotifers.
* Phylogenetic analysis of the order Nymphaeales based on the nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast
Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA do not support the traditional split.
Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures.
Phylogenetic analysis of some Turdinae birds based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences.
Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA and protein sequences of poliovirus ( PV ) suggests that PV may have evolved from a C-cluster coxsackie A virus ancestor, that arose through a mutation within the capsid.
DeVries ( 2002 ) Phylogenetic analysis of Morpho butterflies ( Nymphalidae, Morphinae ): implications for classification and natural history.
Phylogenetic analysis indicates that they had a separate origin.
" Phylogenetic analysis of Leucojum and Galanthus ( Amaryllidaceae ) based on plastid matK and nuclear ribosomal spacer ( ITS ) DNA sequences and morphology ".
hMPV is genetically similar to the avian pneumoviruses A, B and in particular type C. Phylogenetic analysis of hMPV has demonstrated the existence of two main genetic lineages termed subtype A and B containing within them the subgroups A1 / A2 and B1 / B2 respectively.
Phylogenetic analysis has increased the resolution of hadrosaurid relationships considerably ( see Phylogeny below ), leading to the widespread usage of tribes ( a taxonomic unit below subfamily ) to describe the finer relationships within each group of hadrosaurids.
( 2010 ) Phylogenetic analysis of the subtribe Chloraeinae ( Orchidaceae ): a preliminary approach based on three chloroplast markers.
Phylogenetic analysis of 26 Chordopoxviruses genomes has shown that the central region of the genome is conserved and contains ~ 90 genes.
Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures.
* ( 1996 ): Phylogenetic status of the Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris ( Owen in Gray ): A cladistic analysis.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Malay population, P. curtus brongersmai, suggests a close affinity with the nominal subspecies, however, P. curtus breitensteini was determined to be as genetically distant from the original type as the species Python reticulatus.
Phylogenetic and pathotypic analysis of bacterial blight race 3.
Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this group is paraphyletic and will need division.

Phylogenetic and indicates
Phylogenetic analyses using homologous sequences from all extant edentate groups indicates that the Mylodontidae were closer related to Megalonychidae than to Bradypodidae.

Phylogenetic and are
Phylogenetic analyses place these genera into the following groups ( not all of these are considered amoeboid ( or " amoebas ") by all sources ):
Phylogenetic relationships between these families are difficult to determine.
Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits ( e. g., anatomical or molecular characteristics ) and the distribution of organisms ( biogeography ).
Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another, rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone.
Phylogenetic estimates constructed with bacteria, plastids, and eukaryotic genomes also suggest that plastids are most closely related to cyanobacteria.
Phylogenetic studies indicate that Shigella is more appropriately treated as subgenus of Escherichia, and that certain strains generally considered E. coli – such as E. coli O157: H7 – are better placed in Shigella ( see Escherichia coli # Diversity for details ).
Phylogenetic trees among a nontrivial number of input sequences are constructed using computational phylogenetics methods.
Phylogenetic networks are used when bifurcating trees are not suitable, due to these complications which suggest a more reticulate evolutionary history of the organisms sampled ..
Phylogenetic analyses have shown that mimids are most closely related to starlings ( Sibley & Monroe 1990, Zuccon et al.
Phylogenetic research revealed the important impact of the subfamily Polycnemoideae on the classification ( see Cladogram ): If Polycnemoideae are considered being part of Chenopodiaceae, then Amaranthaceae ( s. str.
Phylogenetic analyses shows the Sclerodermataceae, Boletinellaceae and Gyroporaceae appear to form a discrete group within the Boletales, and together with the Pisolithaceae, the Astraceae and the Calostomaceae, are grouped under the suborder Sclerodermatineae.
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide.
Phylogenetic relationships among neogastropod superfamilies based on morphological characters are rather unstable, and for instance, Cancellarioidea or Buccinoidea have been alternatively proposed as the sister group of the remaining Neogastropoda.
Phylogenetic trees are typically created from DNA, RNA or protein sequence data.
Comparisons of species are used to examine interspecific or evolutionary allometry ( see also Phylogenetic comparative methods ).

Phylogenetic and development
:* PhyloCode ( the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, see also Phylogenetic nomenclature )-a new convention currently under development.

Phylogenetic and from
The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood Phylogenetic tree # Special tree types | phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes.
* Phylogenetic Reconstruction from Gene-Order Data
* ( 2008 ): Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus ( Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes ): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome.
Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae ( Leguminosae ) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences.
* ( 2001 ): Phylogenetic relationships in Pleurothallidinae ( Orchidaceae ): combined evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
( 2005 ) Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
An Eocene Species of Hiodon from Montana, Its Phylogenetic Relationships, and the Evolution of the Postcranial Skeleton in the Hiodontidae ( Teleostei ).
Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences from a variety of North American species has delineated five distinct clades within the core Laetiporus clade ; sulphureus clade I contains white-pored L. sulphureus isolates, while sulphureus clade II contains yellow-pored L. sulphureus isolates.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
( 2001 ) Phylogenetic Relationships of Australian Members of the Family Percichthyidae Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Sequence Data.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae ( Charadriiformes: Aves ) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
Phylogenetic relationships within Cladophorales ( Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta ) inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences, with special reference to Aegagropila linnaei.
Phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that this broadly defined Loganiaceae was a polyphyletic assemblage, and numerous genera have been removed from Loganiaceae to other families ( sometimes in other orders ), e. g., Gentianaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Plocospermataceae, Tetrachondraceae, Buddlejaceae, and Gesneriaceae.
Phylogenetic relationships of Cranichidinae and Prescottiinae ( Orchidaceae, Cranichideae ) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences.
& Wallace, Robert S. ( 2004 ): Phylogenetic studies of Mammillaria ( Cactaceae )-insights from chloroplast sequence variation and hypothesis testing using the parametric bootstrap.

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