Piłsudski might have controlled the military, but parliament ( Sejm ) was controlled by Dmowski: Piłsudski's support lay in the territories in the East, which were controlled by the Bolsheviks at the time of the elections, while the National Democrats ' electoral support lay in central and western Poland.

The treaty contributed to the failure of Józef Piłsudski's plans to create a Polish-led Intermarium federation of Eastern European countries, as portions of the territory proposed for the federation were ceded to the Soviets.

In the end, the negotiations broke down, sinking Piłsudski's idea of Międzymorze federation, instead, wars like the Polish-Lithuanian War or the Polish-Ukrainian War decided the borders of the region for the next two decades

A chief characteristic of ND policies was their emphasis on Polonization of minorities: ND politicians such as Dmowski and Stanisław Grabski contributed to the failure of Piłsudski's proposed Międzymorze federation and of the alliance with the Ukrainian leader Symon Petlura, and to the alienation of Poland's ethnic minorities.

Within two decades of the failure of Piłsudski's grand scheme, all the countries that he had viewed as candidates for membership in the Intermarium federation had fallen to the Soviet Union or Nazi Germany, except for Finland ( which nonetheless suffered some territorial losses in the Winter War ).

These tensions were one of the reasons why Józef Piłsudski's Międzymorze federation was never formed.

However Piłsudski's federation plan was opposed by another influential Polish politician, Roman Dmowski, who favoured creating a larger, national Polish state.

This would worsen Polish-Lithuanian foreign relations for many decades to come and was one of the reasons Piłsudski's Międzymorze federation was never formed.

Between the World Wars, Prometheism and Piłsudski's other concept of an " Intermarum federation " constituted two complementary geopolitical strategies for him and some of his political heirs.

The seemingly certain disaster was averted in August by the combination of Piłsudski's military skills and a dedicated national defense effort.

In 1935, the parliamentary republic was weakened further when, by way of, Józef Piłsudski's May Coup, the president was forced to sign the April Constitution of 1935, an act through which the head of state assumed the dominant position in legislating for the state and the Senate increased its power at the expense of the Sejm.

In 1914, Julius joined Józef Piłsudski's Polish Legions and was captured by the Russians and hanged for fighting for the independence of a partitioned Poland.

By 16 August, the Polish counteroffensive had been fully joined by Marshal Piłsudski's " Reserve Army.

Eventually, Piłsudski's plan failed ; it was opposed both by the Lithuanian government and by the Dmowski's faction in Poland.

The term was again picked up in 1925 by Sanacja, Piłsudski's political party in Poland, and was used by leader Józef Piłsudski as the official title for the leader of the party.

The right wing, supported by General Józef Haller, also criticized his relations with Józef Piłsudski and his support of Piłsudski's policies.

The Cipher Section reported to the Polish General Staff and contributed substantially to Poland's defense by Józef Piłsudski's forces during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919 – 21, thereby helping preserve Poland's independence, recently regained in the wake of World War I.

After Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 coup d ' état, on 1 June 1926, Mościcki – an erstwhile associate of Piłsudski's in the Polish Socialist Party – was elected president of Poland by the National Assembly, on Piłsudski's recommendation ( after Piłsudski himself refused the office ).

From 1937 to 1939 he was the chairman of the " Nation State Movement " ( Ruch Narodowo-Panstwowy ) In 1937 he called for a strong national state that would be democratic During his political career he opposed Dmowski and the movement he belonged to sought integration with Józef Piłsudski's sanacja faction, hoping that both main political factions in Poland would unite led by interest in well being of Polish nation However, he considered Dmowski one of the most influential persons of his life.

It was founded to continue the traditions of Józef Piłsudski's pre-war Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government ( Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem ), which likewise had been known by the same initials, BBWR.

However a combination of various reasons, from the Great Depression, through the Pisłudski's need for support from parties for the parliament's election to the vicious spiral of terrorist attacks by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and government pacifications meant that the situation continued to degenerate, despite Piłsudski's efforts.

Further developments of other cantons was prevented by Polish National Democracy, a party opposed to Piłsudski's federalist ideas.

The adoption of a new Polish constitution in April 1935 ( the April Constitution ), tailored by Piłsudski's supporters to his specifications — providing for a strong presidency — came too late for Piłsudski to seek that office.

Ousted by Piłsudski's coup d ' état ( the May Coup ), he was soon returned to the post.

He was a member of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party and in 1908 Sławek had taken part in the Bezdany raid organized and led by Józef Piłsudski — a train robbery that had financed Piłsudski's organization.

Józef Piłsudski, selected Sławek as his choice for President of Poland in early 1935, but soon after Piłsudski's death ( May 1935 ), Sławek was outmanoeuvred by his political rivals and lost most of his political influence.

In internal politics, Piłsudski's reign marked a much-needed stabilization and improvement in the situation of ethnic minorities, which formed almost a third of the population of the Second Republic.

He was President of Poland twice: first in December 1922 after the assassination of president Gabriel Narutowicz as Acting President of the Republic of Poland for one week, and again in May 1926, after Józef Piłsudski's May Coup and the resignation of president Stanisław Wojciechowski.

Poland's role in the Promethean process was marked by the conclusion of a Polish – Ukrainian political and military alliance ( the Warsaw Agreement, April 1920 ) with Symon Petlura's Ukrainian People's Republic, Piłsudski's expedition to Kiev ( begun April 25, 1920 ), the designation ( February 1919 ) of Bohdan Kutylowski as Polish minister to the Ukrainian People's Republic, the accreditation of a Polish minister to Caucasus, the naming of a military mission to Caucasus, and the Crimean Republic's motion at the League of Nations ( May 17, 1920 ) that Crimea be made a protectorate of Poland.

With the tide turning against Poland, Piłsudski's political power weakened, while his opponents ', including Roman Dmowski's, rose.

The movement rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including Walery Sławek, Aleksander Prystor, Kazimierz Świtalski, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Adam Koc, Józef Beck, Tadeusz Hołówko, Bogusław Miedziński and Edward Rydz-Śmigły.

With the turning tide against Poland, Piłsudski's political power had been weakened and his opponents, including Roman Dmowski had risen to power, but he had regained it as the Soviet forces were approaching Warsaw.

However, a combination of various reasons, including the Great Depression, meant that the situation of Jewish Poles was never too satisfactory, and it deteriorated again after Piłsudski's death in May 1935.

After Piłsudski's death in 1935, Piłsudski's followers divided into three main factions: those supporting Mościcki as Piłsudski's successor ; those supporting General Edward Rydz-Śmigły ; and those supporting Prime Minister Walery Sławek.

Poland added the condition that the new state must be also federated with Poland, pursuing Józef Piłsudski's goal of creating the Międzymorze Federation.

In April 1935, shortly before Piłsudski's death, a new constitution ( the " April Constitution ") was adopted, which supported Sanation's principal ideas: a strong centralized state with a presidential system of government.

Józef Piłsudski | Piłsudski's bi-lingual Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand-Duchy of Lithuania | Appeal to the citizens of former Grand Duchy of Lithuania of April 1919

Józef Piłsudski | Piłsudski's bilingual Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand-Duchy of Lithuania | Appeal to the citizens of former Grand Duchy of Lithuania of April 1919

At one moment they propagated the idea of the union from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea that would involve Ukraine, Poland, Belarus and Lithuania, similar to Józef Piłsudski's " Międzymorze ".

The name was inline with Piłsudski's vision of historical Lithuania, divided into three cantons: Lithuanian-inhabited Western Lithuania with capital in Kaunas, Polish-inhabited Central Lithuania with capital in Vilnius, and Belarusian-inhabited Eastern Lithuania with capital in Minsk.

By 1905 Piłsudski's party, the Polish Socialist Party, was the largest socialist party in the entire Russian Empire.

Its stated goal was the creation of an independent Ukraine that would become part of Piłsudski's project of a " Międzymorze " Federation.

The Red Army's defeat was so great and unexpected that, at the instigation of Piłsudski's detractors, the Battle of Warsaw is often referred to in Poland as the " Miracle at the Vistula ".

Sanation (, ) was a Polish political movement that came to power after Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 Coup d ' État.

This approach was gradually abandoned after Piłsudski's death in 1935.

Intermarium complemented Piłsudski's other geopolitical vision — Prometheism, whose goal was the dismemberment of the Russian Empire and that Empire's divestment of its territorial conquests.

" Nevertheless ," concludes Dziewanowski, " the Prince's endeavor constitutes a ( vital ) link ( between ) the 16th-century Jagiellon ( federative prototype ) and Józef Piłsudski's federative-Prometheist program ( that was to follow after World War I

The Red Army's defeat was so great and unexpected that, at the instigation of Piłsudski's detractors, the Battle of Warsaw is often referred to in Poland as the " Miracle at the Vistula ".