Belgium as an independent nation state had appeared only a generation before Pirenne's birth ; throughout Western history, its fortunes had been tied up with the Low Countries, which now include the Netherlands, Luxembourg and parts of north-east France.

Though Pirenne had his opponents, notably Alfons Dopsch who disagreed on essential points, recent historians of the Middle Ages usually take Pirenne's main theses, however much they are modified, as starting points.

Pirenne's Histoire de Belgique ( 7 vol., 1899 – 1932 ) stressed how traditional and economic forces had drawn Flemings and Walloons together.

Pirenne's son Pierre had been killed in the fighting at the Battle of the Yser in 1914.

Henri Pirenne's reputation today rests on three contributions to European history: for what has become known as the Pirenne Thesis, concerning origins of the Middle Ages in reactive state formation and shifts in trade ; for a distinctive view of Belgium's medieval history ; and for his model of the development of the medieval city.

Pirenne's Thesis has not entirely convinced all historians of the period.

Pirenne's history remains crucial to the understanding of Belgium's past, but his notion of a continuity of Belgian civilization forming the basis of political unity has lost favor.

Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products parchment and vellum, of significantly higher durability in moist climates, though Henri Pirenne's connection of its disappearance with the Muslim overrunning of Egypt is contended.

The most famous expositions appear in Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade ( 1927, based on a series of lectures of 1922 ) and in his posthumous Mohammed and Charlemagne ( 1937 ), published from Pirenne's first draft.

Pirenne's thesis takes as axiomatic that the natural interests of the feudal nobility and of the urban patriciate, which came to well-attested frictions in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, were in their origins incompatible.

Pirenne's other major idea concerned the nature of medieval Belgium.

Pirenne's theory of a commercial renaissance in towns in the 11th century remains the standard interpretation.

This gave Pirenne's work a unique perspective.

In the rise of European towns in the 10th and 11th centuries, the patriciate, a limited group of families with a special constitutional position, in Henri Pirenne's view, was the motive force.

Kiernan ’ s argument against an early dating based on a mixture of forms is long and involved, but he concludes that the mixture of forms points to a comparatively straightforward history of the written text as:

The book ’ s argument is that Germany is not prepared economically for a long war but might win a lightning war.

This argument has a long history, and can be traced back at least as far as Cicero's De Natura Deorum ii. 34.

There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump.

In the theory of formal languages in computability theory, a pumping lemma or pumping argument states that, for a particular language to be a member of a language class, any sufficiently long string in the language contains a section, or sections, that can be removed, or repeated any number of times, with the resulting string remaining in that language.

It is often this final conclusion, the result of the long process, that is meant when the term paradigm shift is used colloquially: simply the ( often radical ) change of worldview, without reference to the specificities of Kuhn's historical argument.

In this case, the justification of any statement is used, perhaps after a long chain of reasoning, in justifying itself, and the argument is circular.

The distinction is important because there is a long history of argument about UG *, whereas most people working on language agree that there is Universal Grammar.

A counter argument is that keeping the innards secret may improve security in the short term, but in the long run only systems that have been published and analyzed should be trusted.

In 1972, Derrida wrote " Signature Event Context ," an essay on J. L. Austin's speech act theory ; following a critique of this text by John Searle in his 1977 essay Reiterating the Differences, Derrida wrote the same year Limited Inc abc ..., a long defense of his earlier argument.

They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 which found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug ( Co-phenotrope, Lomotil ) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.

In a concession to Roosevelt, a " cash-and-carry " provision that had been devised by his advisor Bernard Baruch was added: the President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately in cash, with the argument that this would not draw the U. S. into the conflict.

During the debate, the contribution of British airborne forces in the Far Eastern theatres was perhaps underplayed, to the long term detriment of the argument.

One argument is that the poem was written to celebrate Byrhtnoth's actions and goad others into heroic action, and Byrhtnoth's action stands proudly in a long tradition of heroic literature.

The dating of the poems has been a lively source of scholarly argument for a long time.

* There has been a long argument that Garfield might be an Exotic Shorthair, because of his shape and his cobby build.

However, the decision relied on Unix's ability to pass long argument lists efficiently through the exec system call that csh uses to create child processes.

The Haredi community defends this practice with the argument that Judaism must cultivate Torah scholarship in the same way that the secular academic world does, no matter how high the costs may be financially in the short run, in the long run the Jewish people will benefit from the large number of learned laymen, scholars, and rabbis.

An argument can be made that a console system remains largely untouched by modchips as long as their manufacturers provide a legitimate way of running unlicensed third-party software.

In 1916, after a long argument with the Genrō, Ōkuma resigned as well, and retired from politics permanently, although he remained a member of the Upper House of the Diet of Japan until 1922.

He doubted the validity of induction long before its best known critic David Hume, and raised the regress argument against all forms of reasoning:

There was a long lasting argument between the two provinces known as the Ontario-Manitoba boundary dispute.

There was much argument about which logo should be used on official publications, with the new square logo favoured for a long time by the Head Office.

Many scholars ( for instance Kathleen Mcnamara ) have questioned the premises of the ICB argument, making the case that democratic pressures will not result in high inflation and that high inflation is not inherently bad for the economy long term.

Some say it is interesting to note that all the other people mentioned in the chronicle are real and this argument is often offered as evidence for the historicity of Arthur, Merlin and Mordred ; however, given that the entries, or at least the insertion of the names of Arthur and Merlin, could have been added arbitrarily as late as 970, long after the development of the early Arthurian myth, it cannot be taken as a particularly conclusive argument.

Treating Revelation in his cursory fashion, he made use of an excerpt from the commentary of the North African Tichonius, which is preserved as a sort of argument at the beginning of the more extended work of the Spanish presbyter Beatus of Liébana.

He then, repeating the line of argument the English delegation had made two years previously, proposed a military alliance against Spain, promising to repeal the Navigation Act in return for Dutch assistance in the conquest of Spanish America.

In particular, Trevor-Roper criticised Taylor's argument that the Hossbach Memorandum of 1937 was a meaningless document because none of the scenarios outlined in the Memorandum as the prerequisite for war such as the Spanish Civil War leading to a war between Italy and France in the Mediterranean or civil war breaking out in France occurred.

Jackson rejected Frankfurter ’ s argument, citing the Roman effort to drive out Christianity, the Spanish Inquisition of the Jews and the Siberian exile of Soviet dissidents as evidence of the “ ultimate futility ” of efforts to coerce unanimous sentiment out of a populace.

Only the latter class of charge seems to have seriously worried the Privy Council, and here Picton's argument that either the laws of Trinidad, then still the laws of the former Spanish colonial power, or ' the state of the garrison ' justified the immediate execution in the cases specified eventually carried the day.

The jury reversed the verdict of the earlier trial but asked for the full court to consider the further argument of the prosecution that torture of a free person was so repugnant to the laws of England that Picton must have known he could not permit it, whatever Spanish law authorised.

And, a week before the 2008 general election presidential candidate Barack Obama bought a 30 minute slot at 8 PM ET / PT during primetime on seven major networks ( NBC, CBS, MSNBC, Fox, BET, TV One and Univision ( with Spanish subtitles )) to present a " closing argument " to his campaign.

In 1584, he became counsellor of the parlement of Paris, and as deputy for Paris to the Estates of the League he pronounced his most famous politico-legal discourse, an argument nominally for the Salic law, but in reality directed against the alienation of the crown of France to the Spanish infanta, which was advocated by the extreme Leaguers.

This argument is crucial for the legitimists regarding the continuing validity of the rights of succession of the Spanish line of Philip V and his descendants.

Such an argument was forwarded by the Spanish theologian Alonso Tostado as late as the 15th century and " St. Augustine doubts " was a response to Columbus's proposal to sail westwards to the Indies.

After two years of difficult negotiations and consultations, and through the intervention of the French ambassador Hyde de Neuville, who defended the Spanish argument against radicalism of Henry Clay in Congress and General Jackson, who emphasized his hostility on East Florida, on February 22, 1819 the treaty was signed " Adams-Onis.

Kaplan and Spanish, who had previously reconciled from an argument over a woman from their days in the Five Points Gang, soon began feuding again as Spanish split from Kaplan's gang.

The two of them are portraying an argument, but when the actress launches into Spanish, Mike is unable to continue.

Splitting acrimoniously in 1991 over a pedantic argument concerning Green Tea, they recently resurfaced on the Projector Records compilation ' Know Your Monkey ', and released a split single, featuring the poppy ' Safety in Numbers ' and ' Street ' with fellow sonic abusers Death Biscuit, MFU and Spanish Karavan.

From an economic perspective, the regional government aims to achieve a high degree of fiscal autonomy ( based on the argument that the region pays in more to the national Spanish coffers than it receives, thus overlooking the " solidarity between regions " enshrined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 ).

Another argument in favor of Aisén is in the nature of the Spanish orthography, which does not use the letter y as a vowel.