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Plutarch provides the most evocative version of this story: But when Egypt revolted with Athenian aid ... and Cimon's mastery of the sea forced the King to resist the efforts of the Hellenes and to hinder their hostile growth ... messages came down to Themistocles saying that the King commanded him to make good his promises by applying himself to the Hellenic problem ; then, neither embittered by anything like anger against his former fellow-citizens, nor lifted up by the great honor and power he was to have in the war, but possibly thinking his task not even approachable, both because Hellas had other great generals at the time, and especially because Cimon was so marvelously successful in his campaigns ; yet most of all out of regard for the reputation of his own achievements and the trophies of those early days ; having decided that his best course was to put a fitting end to his life, he made a sacrifice to the gods, then called his friends together, gave them a farewell clasp of his hand, and, as the current story goes, drank bull's blood, or as some say, took a quick poison, and so died in Magnesia, in the sixty-fifth year of his life ... They say that the King, on learning the cause and the manner of his death, admired the man yet more, and continued to treat his friends and kindred with kindness.
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Plutarch and provides
Leigh also provides historical and literary evidence for the comic construction of the relationship between the courtesan Clodia and her young lover Caelius, by referencing Plutarch ’ s discussion of this as erotic entertainment and its use as a rhetorical device.
Plutarch and most
Concerning the liberal use of the death penalty in the Draconic code, Plutarch states: " It is said that Drakon himself, when asked why he had fixed the punishment of death for most offences, answered that he considered these lesser crimes to deserve it, and he had no greater punishment for more important ones.
Other noteworthy and famous Greek historians include Plutarch ( 2nd century AD ), who wrote several biographies, the Parallel Lives, in which he wanted to assess the morality of its characters by comparing them in pairs, and Polybius ( 3nd century BC ), who developed Thucydides's method further, becoming one of the most objective historians of classical antiquity.
Themistocles can still reasonably be thought of as " the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Greece " from the Persian threat, as Plutarch describes him.
When the Persian fleet finally arrived at Artemisium after a significant delay, Eurybiades, who both Herodotus and Plutarch suggest was not the most inspiring commander, wished to sail away without fighting.
Since it was his long-standing advocacy of Athenian naval power which enabled the Allied fleet to fight at all, and it was his stratagem that brought about the Battle of Salamis, it is probably not an exaggeration to say, as Plutarch does, that Themistocles " is thought to have been the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Hellas ".
According to Plutarch, when Demosthenes first addressed himself to the people, he was derided for his strange and uncouth style, " which was cumbered with long sentences and tortured with formal arguments to a most harsh and disagreeable excess ".
In the early 2nd century AD, Plutarch wrote the most complete ancient account of the myth in De Iside et Osiride, an analysis of Egyptian religious beliefs.
After 200 BC at any given time there were two priests of Apollo, who were in charge of the entire sanctuary ; Plutarch, who served as a priest during the late first century and early second century AD, gives us the most information about the organization of the oracle at that time.
However, most commonly, these refer to an observation made by Plutarch, who presided as high priest at Delphi for several years, who stated that her oracular powers appeared to be associated with vapors from the Kerna spring waters that flowed under the temple.
The most important sources for French tragic theatre in the Renaissance were the example of Seneca and the precepts of Horace and Aristotle ( and contemporary commentaries by Julius Caesar Scaliger and Lodovico Castelvetro ), although plots were taken from classical authors such as Plutarch, Suetonius, etc., from the Bible, from contemporary events and from short story collections ( Italian, French and Spanish ).
Additionally, painters, artists and historians of the 19th century portrayed Cleopatra as applying the asp to her breast even though the most reliable source, Plutarch, writes that she was bitten on the arm.
In his own era, his writings on almost all the principal divisions of philosophy made Posidonius a renowned international figure throughout the Graeco-Roman world and he was widely cited by writers of his era, including Cicero, Livy, Plutarch, Strabo ( who called Posidonius " the most learned of all philosophers of my time "), Cleomedes, Seneca the Younger, Diodorus Siculus ( who used Posidonius as a source for his Bibliotheca historia Library "), and others.
The artistic unity of his work suffered severely from the frequent and lengthy digressions, of which the most important was On the Athenian Demagogues in the 10th book of the Philippica, containing a bitter attack on many of the chief Athenian statesmen, and generally recognized as having been freely used by Plutarch in several of the Lives.
According to Plutarch, their house became an intellectual centre in Athens, attracting the most prominent writers and thinkers, including the philosopher Socrates.
Plutarch ( 46 – 120 AD ), a native of the village of Chaeronea, is the source of the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band.
But this is refuted by Lucullus ' conduct during his administration of Africa province ( c. 77-75 B. C., see above ), the period of his career most conspicuously missing from the Greek biography by Plutarch.
Lucullus is reported by Plutarch to have lost his mind at the end and went intermittently mad as he aged ; Plutarch, however seems to be somewhat ambivalent as to whether the factor behind the apparent madness was what he seems to most lean towards which was the administration of some sort of love potion or if it was at least in part feigned as a political protection against changes in the Roman state, such as the rise of the popular party.
Plutarch, like most of Lucullus ' Roman contemporaries, thought these occupations of Lucullus ' retirement unbecoming to a Roman, and mere play:
Plutarch describes her as one of ‘ most nobly born and admirable women of her time ,’ though most other sources are considerably less flattering ( and likely more accurate ).
Plutarch and version
According to a version of the Ariadne legend noted by Plutarch, Theseus abandoned Ariadne at Amathousa, where she died giving birth to her child and was buried in a sacred tomb.
Plutarch states that, when questioned by Scipio as to who was the greatest general, Hannibal is said to have replied either Alexander or Pyrrhus, then himself, or, according to another version of the event, Pyrrhus, Scipio, then himself.
Plutarch recounts one version of the myth in which Set ( Osiris ' brother ), along with the Queen of Ethiopia, conspired with 72 accomplices to plot the assassination of Osiris.
Plutarch gives a slightly different version of the story, writing that the miraculous dropping of the shield was a plague and not linking it with the Roman imperium.
The myth was fully developed into something like an " official ", chronological version in the Late Republican and early Imperial era ; Roman historians dated the city's foundation to between 758 and 728 BC, and Plutarch reckoned the twins ' birth year as c. 771 BC.
Yet elsewhere Plutarch states that Sciron was the son of Canethus and Henioche, a daughter of Pittheus, which made him a cousin of Theseus, and that, in one version, Theseus instituted the Isthmian Games so as to honor him.
Plutarch records that Hannibal ranked Pyrrhus as the greatest commander the world had ever seen, though Appian gives a different version of the story, in which Hannibal placed him second after Alexander the Great.
However, in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans Heraclides Ponticus, Philolaus, and Ecphantus.
His vigorous and idiomatic version of Plutarch, Vies des hommes illustres, was translated into English by Sir Thomas North, and supplied Shakespeare with materials for his Roman plays.
According to Mommsen, the story of his death, ( for which see Plutarch ) looks like an historical version of the abolition of blood-revenge.
Plutarch and story
Diogenes Laertius reports the story that he was prosecuted by Cleon for impiety, but Plutarch says that Pericles sent his former tutor, Anaxagoras, to Lampsacus for his own safety after the Athenians began to blame him for the Peloponnesian war.
Plutarch tells a story that at Bactra, in 327 BC in a debate with Callisthenes, he advised all to worship Alexander as a god even during his lifetime, is with greater probability attributed to the Sicilian Cleon.
Plutarch is the source also for the story that the victorious Spartan generals, having planned the demolition of Athens and the enslavement of its people, grew merciful after being entertained at a banquet by lyrics from Euripides's play Electra: " they felt that it would be a barbarous act to annihilate a city which produced such men " ( Life of Lysander )
A nearly identical story is told by Plutarch, in his On Isis and Osiris, of the goddess Isis burning away the mortality of Prince Maneros of Byblos, son of Queen Astarte, and being likewise interrupted before completing the process.
Plutarch tells a slightly different story, stating that Pompey visited Cinna ’ s camp and escaped accused of doing some wrong.
Many scholars suggest that Shakespeare possessed an extensive knowledge of the story of Antony and Cleopatra through the historian Plutarch, and used Plutarch ’ s account as a blueprint for his own play.
John Lemprière, in Bibliotheca Classica, notes that as the story was re-told in later versions it accumulated details from the stories of Noah and Moses: " Thus Apollodorus gives Deucalion a great chest as a means of safety ; Plutarch speaks of the pigeons by which he sought to find out whether the waters had retired ; and Lucian of the animals of every kind which he had taken with him & c ."
Surely much intervening literature regarding Cydippe the priestess of Hera has been lost, since Plutarch was writing about 300 years after Herodotus first told the story.
Livy and Plutarch refer to and discredit the story that Numa was instructed in philosophy by Pythagoras, as chronologically implausible.
Although the story appears in many different credible ancient sources, such as Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Livy, with variations, many historians have been skeptical of the story.
This inconsistency indicates that Plutarch ’ s story may have been exaggerated for dramatic effect, causing discrepancies.
Pheidippides (, sometimes given as Phidippides, by Herodotus and Plutarch, or as Philippides ), hero of Ancient Greece, is the central figure in a story which was the inspiration for a modern sporting event, the marathon.
Graves's interpretation of the story owes much to the histories of Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Plutarch, and ( especially ) Suetonius ( Lives of the Twelve Caesars ).
Plutarch tells of a similar story, reporting that it comes from a work entitled On Good Birth, but he expresses doubt as to whether it was written by Aristotle.
A story told by Plutarch tells of Quintus Poppaedius Silo, leader of the Marsi and involved in a highly controversial business in the Roman Forum, who made a visit to his friend Marcus Livius and met the children of the house.
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