After the withdrawal of German forces, the city was briefly controlled by Polish self-defence units which were driven out by advancing Soviet forces.

The Ukrainian army was checked by a small Polish self-defence unit formed of World War I veterans and Orlęta, an organisation of young volunteers from Przemyśl high schools.

Evidence includes a letter dated August 26, 1943 to local Polish self-defence where AK commander Kazimierz Bąbiński criticized the burning of neighboring Ukrainian villages, killing any Ukrainian that crosses their path, and robbing Ukrainians of their material possessions.

This change in tactic, combined with better Polish self-defence and a demographic balance more favorable to Poles, resulted in a significantly lower death toll among Poles in Galicia than in Volhynia.

Approximately 150-366 Ukrainian and a few Polish inhabitants of Pawłokoma were killed on March 3, 1945 by a former Polish Home Army unit aided by Polish self-defence groups from nearby villages.

It was recreated on January 15, 1944 from smaller partisan units of self-defence during the Volhynia massacre and was patterned after the prewar Polish 27th Infantry Division.

Since mid-1940 several smaller groups were formed, mostly for self-defence of Polish peasants against German terror and economic policies.

At the same time the Polish and Belarusian self-defence units sprung up across Western Belarus.

In response, the Polish Army started sending the units eastwards to help the self-defence, while the Soviets did the same, but in the opposite direction.

The Grynszpans and thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees were left stranded at the border, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organizations.

The City of Białystok is a member of several organizations such as Union of Polish Metropolises (), Euroregion Niemen, Polish Green Lungs Foundation ( headquarters ) and Eurocities.

At the university, he was a member of two underground organizations: the Zet (" Polish Youth Union ") and the Workers Union.

The AK also defended Polish civilians against atrocities committed by non-German military organizations, such as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the Lituanian Schutzmannschaft battalions and Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force.

While these two organizations were the founders of the AK, intended as the main Polish resistance movement, there were numerous other resistance organizations in Poland.

In July 1941, Mieczysław Słowikowski ( using the codename " Rygor " — Polish for " Rigor ") set up " Agency Africa ", one of World War II's most successful intelligence organizations.

Other Soviet Bloc secret police organizations like the East German Stasi, Romanian Securitate and Polish ZOMO have also used it from time to time.

* Community Initiatives Partnership – program, co-funded by the Robert Bosch Foundation, is aimed at supporting tripartite partnership projects designed by Polish and German organizations with organizations from Ukraine, Belarus or the Kaliningrad District aimed to foster experience sharing in solving specific community problems and enhance transboundary cooperation and solidarity between Poland, Germany, and the eastern neighbours of the European Union.

The Foundation offers grants to Polish NGOs which implement projects in partnership with other organizations in the region.

Both Jewish parties operated independently also, using money from Jewish organizations abroad channelled to them by the Polish underground.

Russian secret police commanded by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev started persecution of Polish secret organizations and in 1821 the King ordered the abolition of Freemasonry which represented patriotic traditions of Poland.

During the war, the NSZ fought the Polish communists including their Soviet NKVD-controlled paramilitary organizations such as the Gwardia Ludowa ( GL ) and the Armia Ludowa ( AL ).

Category: Polish underground organizations during World War II

* 11 October 1918 – Polish organizations in the German Empire publicize common documents in which they declare the will to create independent Polish state ; in effect, revolution.

With the outbreak of The Silesian Uprising, Hochberg sided firmly with the German cause and afforded the land to German paramilitary organizations, even for prison, where Polish prisoners were kept.

** — Related to Poland and Polish organizations

However, the inclusion of outvoters had been done by explicit request of the Polish delegation in Versailles who counted on the support of pro-Polish organizations in the Ruhr area.

At the same time he became involved in various political organizations supporting the idea of restoration of Polish sovereignty.

Like many neighborhoods on the Northwest Side of Chicago the neighborhood has a heavy Polish-American presence, and is home to the Copernicus Foundation, the Polish parish of St. Constance, as well as a host of other Polish-American organizations, institutions and businesses.

After the Communists took control in the 1940s Polish scholars were safer working on the Middle Ages and the early modern era rather than contemporary history.

The marriage took place on 30 April or 16 October 1325 and was a purely political maneuver to strengthen the first Polish – Lithuanian coalition against the Teutonic Knights.

In Poland, fast moving armies encircled Polish forces ( blue circles ), but the blitzkrieg idea never really took hold – artillery and infantry forces acted in time-honoured fashion to crush these pockets.

Fought over three days from 28 to 30 June 1651, the battle took place in the Polish province of Volhynia.

The last, in Europe, cavalry vs. cavalry mutual charge took place in Poland during the battle of Krasnobrod when the Polish and German cavalry units charged each other.

In the Polish 1970 protests, worker demonstrations took place at Gdynia Shipyard.

A new wave of Polish military and other involvement, in the partitions and in other parts of Europe, soon took place in the context of the 1848 Spring of Nations revolutions.

According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.

On 9 October 1920, General Lucjan Żeligowski, commanding a Polish military force in contravention of the Suwałki Agreement, took the city and established the Republic of Central Lithuania.

Masurians showed considerable support for the Polish uprising in 1831, and maintained many contacts with Russian-held areas of Poland beyond the border of Prussia, the areas being connected by common culture and language ; before the uprising people visited each other's country fairs and much trade took placw, with smuggling also widespread Some early writers about Masurians-like Max Toeppen-postulated them as mediators between German and Slav cultures.

Moreover, the plebiscite took place during the time when Polish-Soviet War threatened to erase the Polish state.

Information was gathered on who sent children to Polish schools, bought Polish press or took part in Polish ceremonies and organised repressions against these people were executed by Nazi militias.

In 1028 Polish troops invaded Saxony and took a number of prisoners.

The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's ' leadership class ', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940.

The Polish consonant system shows more complexity: its characteristic features include the series of affricates and palatal consonants that resulted from four Proto-Slavic palatalizations and two further palatalizations that took place in Polish and Belarusian.

Just before the outbreak of the Second World War, Gombrowicz took part in the maiden voyage of the Polish cruise liner, Chrobry, to South America.

The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the Polish Renaissance, between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3, 215 students in the first decade of the 16th century.

The Polish administration took over in 1569.

When Otto III reached is majority he again took to the field against the Lutici in the fall of 995, aided by the Polish Duke Bolesław I Chrobry.

However assuming that Mieszko I took control of Lesser Poland in 990 ( which is likely ), than Bolesław I was bestowed the rule in Lesser Poland by his father but without its territory being included in the Polish realm.

It is also likely that Polish forces took control of Moravia and Upper Hungary in 1003 as well.

Polish kings took measures to protect the bison.