File: Tomb of Pope Clement XIII Gregorovius. jpg | Tomb of Clement XIII

File: Tomb of Pope Clement XIV Gregorovius. jpg | Tomb of Clement XIV

* 1314 – Pope Clement V ( b. 1264 )

* 1652 – Pope Clement XII ( d. 1740 )

* Pope Clement VI ( 1291 – 1352, r. 1342 – 52 )

Immediately after his appointment as Cardinal, Pope Clement made him a Cardinal Inquisitor, in which capacity he served as one of the judges at the trial of Giordano Bruno, and concurred in the decision which condemned Bruno to be burned at the stake as a heretic.

Jacopo Buonaparte was a friend and advisor to Medici Pope Clement VII.

The Council entrusted to the Pope the implementation of its work ; as a result, Pope Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed in 1565 ; and Pope Pius V issued in 1566 the Roman Catechism, in 1568 a revised Roman Breviary, and in 1570 a revised Roman Missal, thus standardizing what since the 20th century has been called the Tridentine Mass ( from the city's Latin name Tridentum ), and Pope Clement VIII issued in 1592 a revised edition of the Vulgate.

Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ) was vehemently against the idea of a council, agreeing with Francis I of France.

When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters.

Clement studied under Pantaenus, and was ordained to the priesthood by Pope Julian before 189.

In 1533 he was allowed to accompany Dom Martinho de Portugal to Rome on an embassy to Pope Clement VII, to whom Father Álvares delivered the letter Lebna Dengel had written to the Pope.

Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.

In 1343 the interval between Holy Years was reduced by Pope Clement VI to fifty years.

The influence of the grateful new queen being actively exerted on Alberoni's behalf — the princesse des Ursins having been chased out — within not much more than a year Alberoni was made a duke and grandee of Spain, a member of the king's council, appointed bishop of Málaga, and in 1715 prime minister, and was made cardinal by Pope Clement XI, under pressure from the court of Spain, in July 1717.

He went to Italy, escaped from arrest at Genoa, and had to take refuge among the Apennines, Pope Clement XI, who was his bitter enemy, having given strict orders for his arrest.

In 1343 he had been sent to Pope Clement VI at Avignon to negotiate a grant of a tax on the revenues of the Church for the Crusade.

In August 1524 Pope Clement VII appointed Aleandro the Archbishop of Brindisi, for which office he was ordained to the priesthood two months later.

In 1884, he was created by Pope Leo XIII Archbishop of Caesarea in partibus and sent to India as an Apostolic Delegate to report on the establishment of the hierarchy there.

As Pope Martin V supported Sforza, Alfonso switched religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII.

* 1884 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Humanum Genus.

He was one of the seven cardinals who, in May 1408, deserted Pope Gregory XII, and, with those following Antipope Benedict XIII from Avignon, convened the Council of Pisa, of which Cossa became the leader.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

* 1887 – On Easter Sunday, Pope Leo XIII authorizes the establishment of The Catholic University of America.

Pope Leo XIII ( Constitutio Universae Eccles., 29 December 1878 ) ordained that they should be written henceforth in ordinary Latin characters upon ordinary parchment, and that no abbreviations should be used except those easily understood.

Pope Leo XIII ( Motu Proprio, 4 July 1898 ) most solemnly decreed the abolition of all venality in the transfer or Collation of the said offices.

Since Pope Leo XIII issued the bull Apostolicae Curae in 1896, the Catholic Church has insisted that Anglican orders are invalid because of changes in the Anglican ordination rites of the 16th century and divergence in understanding of the theology of priesthood, episcopacy and Eucharist.

The Benedictine Confederation, which was established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII in his brief Summum semper, is the international governing body of the order, headed by the Abbot Primate.

Here he remained, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII to lecture on polemical theology in the new Roman College.

In 1883, Cyril was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII.

Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

In 1891 Pope Leo XIII promulgated Rerum Novarum, in which he addressed the " misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class " and spoke of how " a small number of very rich men " had been able to " lay upon the teeming masses of the laboring poor a yoke little better than that of slavery itself .".

* Rerum Novarum ( 1891 ) papal encyclical by Pope Leo XIII

* Pope Benedict XIII

The two line poetic form as a closed couplet was also used by William Blake in his poem Auguries of Innocence and also by Byron ( Don Juan ( Byron ) XIII ); John Gay ( Fables ); Alexander Pope ( An Essay on Man ).

In more detail, the gradual shift to March 11 induced Pope Gregory XIII to create a modern Gregorian calendar.

The history of Italian cinema began just a few months after the Lumière brothers had patented their Cinematographe, when Pope Leo XIII was filmed for a few seconds in the act of blessing the camera.

* 1582 – Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.

* 1649 – Pope Benedict XIII ( d. 1730 )

He moved to Rome, received a lifetime annuity from Pope Gregory XIII ( after first having been rejected by Pope Pius V ) and finished his autobiography.