Photios was deposed as patriarch, not so much because he was a protégé of Bardas and Michael, but because Basil was seeking an alliance with the Pope and the western emperor.

* 1328 – William of Ockham, Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.

While works such as Susan Zuccotti's Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy ( 2000 ) and Michael Phayer's The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 – 1965 ( 2000 ) are critical of both Cornwell and Pius XII ; Ronald J. Rychlak's Hitler, the War and the Pope is critical as well but defends Pius XII in light of his access to most recent documents.

In the list of more important bulls issued by him the famous bull " In Coena Domini " ( 1568 ) takes a leading place ; but amongst others throwing light on Pope Pius V's character and policy there may be mentioned his prohibition of quaestuary ( February 1567 and January 1570 ); the condemnation of Michael Baius, the heretical Professor of Leuven ( 1567 ); the reform of the breviary ( July 1568 ); the denunciation of the " dirum nefas " ( August 1568 ); the banishment of the Jews from the ecclesiastical dominions except Rome and Ancona ( 1569 ); the injunction of the use of the reformed missal ( July 1570 ); the confirmation of the privileges of the Society of Crusaders for the protection of the Inquisition ( October 1570 ); the dogmatic certainty of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ( November 1570 ); the suppression of the Fratres Humiliati for profligacy ( February 1571 ); the approbation of the new office of the Blessed Virgin ( March 1571 ); the enforcement of the daily recitation of the Canonical Hours ( September 1571 ); and the purchase of assistance against the Turks by offers of plenary pardon ( March 1572 ).

* March 23 – Pope Paul VI and Arthur Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, meet in Rome.

* July 16 – Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other's excommunication.

Ghibelline revolts broke out across the north of Italy, and increasingly occupied the attention of Charles, even as Michael Palaeologus was negotiating a union of churches with the Pope.

* Serafian, Michael, The Pilgrim: Pope Paul VI, The Council and The Church in a time of decision, Farrar, Straus, New York, 1964

Other films include The 25th Hour ( 1967 ), with Virna Lisi ; The Magus ( 1968 ), with Michael Caine and Candice Bergen, and based on the novel by John Fowles ; La Bataille de San Sebastian ( Guns for San Sebastian ) with Charles Bronson ; and The Shoes of the Fisherman, where he played a Catholic Archbishop in a Soviet Ukrainian prison who becomes Pope.

Photios was deposed as patriarch, not so much because he was a protégé of Bardas and Michael, but because Basil I was seeking an alliance with the Pope and the western emperor.

A staunchly conservative Catholic, he was having dinner with the Archbishop of Munich, Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber and the Nuncio to Bavaria, Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli ( who would later become Pope Pius XII ), when he learned of the putsch.

Michael refused to aid the Aragonese king without papal approval and so John voyaged to Rome and there gained the consent of Pope Nicholas III, who feared the ascent of Charles in the Mezzogiorno.

With the help of Pope Urban IV Michael VIII concluded peace with his former enemies.

For a while the diplomatic intent of the union worked out in the West, but in the end Pope Martin IV, an ally of Charles of Anjou, excommunicated Michael VIII.

Michael presided over a synod in 867 in which Photios and the three other eastern patriarchs excommunicated Pope Nicholas and condemned the Latin filioque clause concerning the procession of the Holy Spirit.

The show starred, among others, Angus Deayton, Geoffrey Perkins, Michael Fenton Stevens, Helen Atkinson-Wood and Philip Pope.

Angus Deayton and Geoffrey Perkins wrote most of the material, with significant additional contributions from, at various times, Jon Canter, Richard Curtis, Terence Dackombe, Michael Fenton Stevens, Jack ( then John ) Docherty and Moray Hunter, and the various musical elements provided by Philip Pope.

The TV show was written and produced by largely the same team as had worked on Radio Active, and Angus Deayton, Helen Atkinson-Wood, Michael Fenton Stevens, Geoffrey Perkins and Phillip Pope again comprised the main cast.

The movie also weaves into its plot a fictionalized account of real-life events — the 1978 death of Pope John Paul I and the Papal banking scandal of 1981 – 1982 — and links them with each other and with the affairs of Michael Corleone.

Michael realizes that the Immobiliare deal is an elaborate conspiracy among Lucchesi, Archbishop Gilday, and Vatican accountant Frederick Keinszig ( Helmut Berger ) to swindle him out of his money, and visits Cardinal Lamberto ( Raf Vallone ), the man favored to become the next Pope, to speak about the deal.

In the meantime, Michael, afraid of a new Latin invasion, proposed to Pope Clement IV to reunite the Greek and the Latin Churches ; and negotiations ensued which were carried on during the reign of five popes, Clement IV, Gregory X, John XXI, Nicolaus III, and Martin IV.

* Pope Leo XIII prescribed that three Ave Marias, a Salve Regina followed by a versicle and response, and a prayer for the conversion of sinners and the freedom and exaltation of Holy Mother the Church, and a prayer to Saint Michael the Archangel be recited following a Low Mass celebrated with the people.

In 1077, Pope Gregory VII recognised Duklja as an independent state, acknowledging its King Mihailo ( Michael, of the Vojislavljević dynasty founded by nobleman Stefan Vojislav ) as Rex Doclea ( King of Duklja ).

Conclavist groups include the " true Catholic Church ", the Palmarian Catholic Church, and the followers of David Bawden (" Pope Michael ").

The first pope to invoke it was Pope Leo IX, in a letter sent in 1054 to Michael I Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople.

In Spain, Adoptionism was opposed by Beatus of Liebana, and in the Carolingian territories, the Adoptionist position was condemned by Pope Hadrian I, Alcuin of York, Agobard, and officially in Carolingian territory by the Council of Frankfurt ( 794 ).

A minority number of members opposed this report and issued a parallel report to the Pope.

Krohn, an ultraconservative Spanish priest opposed to the Vatican II reforms, believed that the Pope had to be killed for being an " agent of Moscow ".

Pope Paul III initiated the Council of Trent, whose definitions of doctrine and whose reforms sealed the triumph of the papacy over elements in the church that sought conciliation with Protestants and opposed papal claims.

Pope Pius I opposed the Valentinians and Gnostics under Marcion, whom he excommunicated.

Ganganelli was elected Pope Clement XIV on 19 May 1769 and was installed on 4 June 1769, after a conclave that had been sitting since 15 February 1769, heavily influenced by the political manoeuvres of the ambassadors of Catholic sovereigns who were opposed to the Jesuits.

Pope Celestine strongly opposed the Novatians in Rome ; as Socrates Scholasticus writes, " this Celestinus took away the churches from the Novatians at Rome also, and obliged Rusticula their bishop to hold his meetings secretly in private houses.

He opposed the political policies of Louis IV of Bavaria as Holy Roman Emperor, which prompted Louis to invade Italy and set up an antipope, Nicholas V. Pope John XXII faced controversy in theology involving his views on the Beatific Vision, and he opposed the Franciscan understanding of the poverty of Christ and his apostles.

The Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, by priests who opposed what they perceived as false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice — especially the teaching and the sale of indulgences or the abuses thereof, and simony, the selling and buying of clerical offices — that the reformers saw as evidence of the systemic corruption of the Church's Roman hierarchy, which included the Pope.

Pope Adrian IV was naturally opposed to this view and undertook a vigorous propaganda campaign which was designed to diminish Frederick and his ambition.

As archdeacon under Pope Leo I, he fought vigorously for the rights of the Roman See and vigorously opposed the condemnation of Flavian of Constantinople at the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 to settle the question of Eutyches.

In the assembly, 85 of the French bishops voted to refer the matter to Pope Innocent X. Eleven of the bishops opposed this move, and asked the pope to appoint a commission similar to the Congregatio de Auxiliis to resolve the situation.

However, the Pope in that letter pleaded with James not to make the innocent Catholics suffer for the crime of a few, and Paul V also promised to exhort all the Catholics of the realm to be submissive and loyal to their sovereign — in all things not opposed to the honour of God.

Pope Gregory and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such as gas lighting and railways, believing that they would promote commerce and increase the power of the bourgeoisie, leading to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine the monarchical power of the Pope over central Italy.

This governing power is commonly called the temporal power of the Pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy.

Those cardinals who had opposed Benedict X's election met at Siena in December 1058, and elected Hildebrand's candidate as Pope, who then took the name Nicholas II ( 1059 – 61 ).

In December 1058, those cardinals who had opposed Benedict X's election met at Siena and elected Gérard as Pope instead.

Conflict with the Holy See under Pope Stephen III arose, for Stephen opposed Charlemagne's marriage to Desiderius ' daughter.

On a visit to Constantinople in 536, Pope Agapetus was accused of being opposed to the veneration of the theotokos and to the portrayal of her image in churches.

The reformers, led by Archdeacon Hildebrand, later Pope Gregory VII, opposed the older type of bishop, rich and installed by the lay powers.

Thus, while numerous traditional Catholics opposed voting rights for women, the Pope was in favour, arguing that, unlike the feminist protagonists, most women would vote conservative and thus support traditional Catholic positions.

* Francis A. Burkle-Young, " The election of Pope Calixtus III ( 1455 )" Bessarion an early candidate, opposed by the French.

The monks opposed this, but after she was presented to the Pope, he too declared that she should become an opera singer.