In 1095 his ambassadors appeared before Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza.

With the death of the Barberini Pope Urban VIII in 1644 and the accession of the Pamphilj Pope Innocent X, the Barberini family and their favorite artist, Bernini, fell into disrepute.

At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Adhemar showed great zeal for the crusade ( there is evidence Urban II had conferred with Adhemar before the council ) and having been named apostolic legate and appointed to lead the crusade by Pope Urban II, he accompanied Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, to the east.

* 1521 – Pope Urban VII ( d. 1590 )

* Pope Urban V ( 1310 – 70, r. 1362 – 70 )

In 1627 Anna Colonna, daughter of Filippo I Colonna, married Taddeo Barberini of the family Barberini ; nephew of Pope Urban VIII.

Pope Urban II, more prudent than Gregory sidestepped the issue using a Crusade to gather Christian Europe together under his authority.

Casimir managed to have Anne and Cunigunde legitimated by Pope Urban V on 5 December 1369.

Following Gregory's death and during the Western Schism of 1378 she was an adherent of Pope Urban VI, who summoned her to Rome, and stayed at Pope Urban VI's court and tried to convince nobles and cardinals of his legitimacy.

Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378.

Many historians maintain that the main concern of Pope Urban II, when calling for the First Crusade, was the threat to Constantinople from the Turkish invasion of Asia Minor in response to the appeal of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.

That dynasty ended in 1626 when Pope Urban VIII incorporated Urbino into the papal dominions.

For effectively crushing the tyranny of the infidels, we grant to those who go to Jerusalem and also to those who give aid toward the defense of the Christians, the remission of their sins and we take under the protection of St. Peter and the Roman Church their homes, their families, and all their belongings, as was already ordained by Pope Urban II.

Here he composed a large number of motets and other sacred music, which, being brought to the notice of Pope Urban VIII, obtained for him an appointment in the choir of the Sistine Chapel at Rome with the contralto role.

Following his accession to the papacy, Urban VIII is reported to have said, " Your luck is great to see Cardinal Maffeo Barberini Pope, Cavaliere ; but ours is much greater to have Cavalier Bernini alive in our pontificate.

He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. When the papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations.

* 1095: Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade.

A letter of Pope Urban IV suggests that by " immemorial custom ", seven princes had the right to elect the King and future Emperor.

# REDIRECT Pope Alexander VIII

In the list of popes given in the Holy See's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio, the following note is attached to the name of Pope Leo VIII ( 963 – 965 ): At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter.

* 1303 – The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.

During the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, at first temporarily under Henry VIII and Edward VI and later permanently during the reign of Elizabeth I.

Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII ( 1484 – 1492 ).

In 1830, Pope Pius VIII bestowed upon Bernard the title " Doctor of the Church ".

Pope Benedict VIII during his visit to Bamberg ( 1020 ) placed the diocese in direct dependence on the Holy See.

Some notable collectors were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Henry IV of France and Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, who started the Berlin Coin Cabinet ( German: Münzkabinett Berlin ).

The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was duke Branimir, whom Pope John VIII referred to as Dux Croatorum (" Duke of Croats ") in 879.

The Council entrusted to the Pope the implementation of its work ; as a result, Pope Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed in 1565 ; and Pope Pius V issued in 1566 the Roman Catechism, in 1568 a revised Roman Breviary, and in 1570 a revised Roman Missal, thus standardizing what since the 20th century has been called the Tridentine Mass ( from the city's Latin name Tridentum ), and Pope Clement VIII issued in 1592 a revised edition of the Vulgate.

The latter three appealed to Pope Boniface VIII who ordered Jacopo to return the land, and furthermore hand over the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns to the Papacy.

Family enmity with Pope Boniface VIII led to destruction of the fortress at Palestrina and to the seizure of the Pope at Anagni by Sciarra Colonna in 1303.

* 1187 – Pope Gregory VIII

* 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany and leads to one of the most oppressive witch hunts in European history.

* 1830 – Pope Pius VIII ( b. 1761 )

* 1294 – Pope Boniface VIII is elected Pope, replacing St. Celestine V, who had resigned.

He went to Rome during the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII ( 1623 – 44 ), and was made governor of Terni, Rieti, and Spoleto.

Later Rospigliosi worked closely with Pope Urban VIII ( 1623 – 1644 ), a Barberini Pope, where he worked in the Papal diplomacy as nuncio to Spain, among other posts.

Pope Gregory XV ( 9 January or 15 January 1554 – 8 July 1623 ), born Alessandro Ludovisi, was pope from 1621, succeeding Pope Paul V on 9 February 1621.

Pope Urban VIII ( baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644 ), born Maffeo Barberini, was pope from 1623 to 1644.

On 6 August 1623, after the papal conclave following the death of Pope Gregory XV, he was chosen as Gregory's successor and took the name Urban VIII.

Trained as a lawyer, he succeeded Pope Urban VIII ( 1623 – 44 ) on 15 September 1644, as one of the most politically shrewd pontiffs of the era, who much increased the temporal power of the Holy See.

It then passed to the Barberini family collection ( which also included sculptures such as the Barberini Faun and Barberini Apollo ) where it remained for some two hundred years, being one of the treasures of Maffeo Barberini, later Pope Urban VIII ( 1623 – 1644 ).

** Papal Conclave of 1623: Pope Urban VIII ( Maffeo Barberini ) succeeds Pope Gregory XV as the 235th pope.

* January 9 – Pope Gregory XV ( d. 1623 )

Pope added the Sly framework to The Shrew, and this practice remained the norm amongst editors until Edmond Malone removed all extracts from A Shrew and returned to the strict 1623 text in his edition of the plays in 1792.

Her feast was not in the Tridentine Calendar, but was later inserted in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints in 1623 for celebration on 7 October, the day she was canonized by Pope Boniface IX in the year 1391.

In 1623, having been taken in the sack of Heidelberg in the Thirty Years ' War, it was sent with the rest of the Palatine Library to Rome as a present from Maximilian I of Bavaria to Pope Gregory XV, who had it divided into two parts, the first of which was by far the larger ; thence it was taken to Paris in 1797.

Pope Urban VIII ( 1623 to 1644 ) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon's portico melted down.

In 1623, the hereditary Palatine Library of Heidelberg containing about 3, 500 manuscripts was given to the Vatican by Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria ( who had just acquired it as booty in the Thirty Years ' War ) in thanks for the adroit political maneuvers of Pope Gregory XV that had sustained him in his contests with Protestant candidates for the electoral seat.

He was not included in the Tridentine Calendar, but in the year 1623 Pope Gregory XV included him in the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints for celebration on October 6.

* Pope Urban VIII, pope 1623 – 1644

In 1623, it was given to Pope Gregory XV after the sacking of Heidelberg.

Created Cardinal Deacon in the consistory of 1622, September 5, under Pope Gregory XV ,( 9 January or 15 January 1554 – Pope 6 February 1621-8 July 1623 ), born Alessandro Ludovisi, de la Cueva, then around 51, did not participate in the Consistory of 1623 electing new Pope Urban VIII.