Woollcombe also states that no one questioned the apostolicity of the See of Alexandria despite the fact that its Popes were consecrated by the college of presbyters up till the time of the Council of Nicaea in 325.

Honorius was also greatly influenced by the Popes of Rome, who sought to extend their influence through his youth and weak character.

Hildegard also wrote nearly 400 letters to correspondents ranging from Popes to Emperors to abbots and abbesses ; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures ; an invented language called the Lingua ignota ; various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography ; and three great volumes of visionary theology: Scivias, Liber vitae meritorum (" Book of Life's Merits " or " Book of the Rewards of Life "), and Liber divinorum operum (" Book of Divine Works ").

It has been speculated that they originally were Roman bidets or imperial birthing stools, which because of their age and imperial links were used in ceremonies by Popes intent on highlighting their own imperial claims ( as they did also with their Latin title, Pontifex Maximus ).

Pope Celestine V's story is also told in Russell Chamberlin's The Bad Popes.

Siricius is also one of the Popes presented in various sources as having been the first to bear the title Pontifex Maximus.

The son of a Roman noble called Marinus, Stephen IV belonged to the same family which also produced the Popes Sergius II and Adrian II.

They also renewed the pact between the Popes and the kings of the Franks, confirming the privileges of the Roman church, and the continued existence of the recently emerged Papal States.

This affirmed the importance of Sacred Scripture as attested by Providentissimus Deus by Pope Leo XIII and the writings of the Saints, Doctors, and Popes throughout Church history but also approved historically conditioned interpretation of Scripture as presented in Pius XII's 1943 encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu.

Like many Popes of the time he was also allegedly guilty of nepotism, and his nephew Scipione Borghese wielded enormous power on his behalf, consolidating the rise of the Borghese family.

Popes Benedict VIII, John XIX, Benedict IX, and antipope Benedict X of the House of Tusculani were also Marozia's descendants.

Popes and ecumenical councils may also extraordinarily infallibly define truths to be held " de fide tenenda ," that is to say discerned as logically implied or intrinsically connected to the deposit of faith and guaranteed as infallible by the Holy Spirit, but not necessarily specifically and explicitly Revealed and so demanding supernatural faith not in themselves specifically, but as part of the faith in the Holy Spirit's guarantee of the infallibility and authority of the Church in such matters.

In later years, Popes have also criticised some of the more extreme versions of corporate capitalism.

London Irish artist Brian Whelan paints Shane, his works are featured on Shane's official website, and is also the illustrater of The Popes " Outlaw Heaven " cd ( see above ).

Finding that it was advisable to cement the ties between the empire and the papacy, John IX gave unhesitating support to Lambert in preference to Arnulf during the Synod of Rome, and also induced the council to determine that henceforth the consecration of the Popes should take place only in the presence of the imperial legates.

* Terza Roma ( Third Rome, after the first Rome of the Caesars and the second Rome of the Popes ) is also a name for the Benito Mussolini plan to expand Rome towards Ostia and the sea.

John owes its unique popularity to the vast number of Emperors, Kings, Popes and Patriarchs that have borne the name ; and also to two highly revered saints, John the Baptist and the apostle John, who wrote the Book of Revelation.

Lloyd also worked on a project named Atlantic Popes with singer Max Holler, a 13-track CD.

Coptic Popes also choose regnal names distinct from their given names.

The 8th-century forgery known as the Donation of Constantine, according to which Emperor Constantine I anachronistically granted the see of Rome " supremacy as well over the four principal sees, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Constantinople, as also over all the churches of God in the whole earth " was not used by the Popes in the 9th and 10th centuries, not even in the conflict between Pope Nicholas I and Photius I of Constantinople.

The Council of Constance ( 1414 – 1418 ) successfully ended the Schism by deposing two Popes ( John XXIII and Benedict XIII )-the third Pope abdicated-and electing a successor in Martin V. The Council also decreed to maintain the council as the primary church body from then on, though Martin did not ratify this decision.

This category refers only to the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church, whose supreme head also bears the title of Bishop of Rome.

As well as The Popes, he also played with Storm, The Pogues, Depeche Mode, Joe Strummer, U2, Sinéad O ' Connor, and many more.

Carrying out his threats, Henry summoned his German and Transpadine partisans to a Synod at Brixen in June, 1080, which drew up a new decree purporting to depose Pope Gregory VII, and which Henry himself also signed, and then proceeded to elect Guibert, the excommunicated Archbishop of Ravenna, as pope in opposition to Pope Gregory, whom the Synod considered deposed ; Guibert took the name Clement III .< ref > Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, ( HarperCollins, 2000 ), 424-425.

Same as with the Popes.

Popes and sovereigns gradually encroached on the rights of the monks, until in Italy the pope had usurped the nomination of all abbots, and the king in France, with the exception of Cluny, Premontré and other houses, chiefs of their order.

The Catholic Encyclopedia places him in its List of Popes, but with the annotation: " Considered by some to be an antipope ".

This Felix was later confused with a Roman martyr named Felix, with the result that he was included in lists of the Popes as Felix II and that the succeeding Popes of the same name ( Pope Felix III and Pope Felix IV ) were given wrong numerals, as was Antipope Felix V.

It closed with a series of ritual acclamations honouring the reigning Pope, the Popes who had convoked the Council, the emperor and the kings who had supported it, the papal legates, the cardinals, the ambassadors present, and the bishops, followed by acclamations of acceptance of the faith of the Council and its decrees, and of anathema for all heretics.

In the Italian Peninsula, the defiant attitude of Popes Gregory II and Gregory III on behalf of image-veneration led to a fierce quarrel with the Emperor.

In fact several Popes were suspected of having a strong interest or practicing alchemy and it was only with Pope John XXII, who was himself suspected of being a magician, that sorcery became another form of heresy and thus liable of persecution by the Inquisition.

In fact, Popes Vigilius, Pelagius I ( 556-61 ), Pelagius II ( 579-90 ), and Gregory the Great ( 590-604 ) were only aware the Fifth Council specifically dealt with the Three Chapters and make no mention of Origenism or Universalism, nor spoke as if they knew of its condemnation even though Gregory the Great was opposed to the belief of universalism.

Popes had galled the emperors by siding with the king of the Franks, crowning a rival Roman emperor, appropriating the Exarchate of Ravenna, and driving into Greek Italy.

Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present ; with 308 Illustrations, 105 in Color.

Three Popes and the Cardinal: The Church of Pius, John and Paul in its Encounter with Human History.

He was quoted as saying, " I call myself Pius ; my whole life was under Popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards Pius XI.

Three Popes and the Cardinal: The Church of Pius, John and Paul in its Encounter with Human History.

The name of his father might point to a familial relation with two other Popes: Felix III ( 483 – 492 ) and Gregory I ( 590 – 604 ).

In 1418 a synod convoked by the Jews in Forlì sent a deputation with costly gifts to Martin V asking that he abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by Antipope Benedict XIII and that he grant the Jews those privileges which had been accorded them under previous Popes.

Shortly after his accession at the conclusion of the papal election of December 1187, Clement succeeded in allaying the conflict which had existed for half a century between the Popes and the citizens of Rome, with an agreement by which the citizens were allowed to elect their magistrates, while the nomination of the governor of the city remained in the hands of the Pope.

After about a year in Cluny, Hildebrand returned to Rome in January 1049 with the new Pope Leo IX ( Bruno of Toul ), successor of Popes Clement II and Damasus II.

His subsequent policy compares favourably with that of the other Avignon Popes.

In the meantime, Philip, eager to prove his loyalty to Rome and thus secure Papal support for his planned invasion, announced at Soissons his reconciliation with his estranged wife Ingeborg of Denmark which the Popes had been pushing.

On the other hand, many historians now point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the medieval period – poverty, warfare, religious and political persecution, for example – seem to have worsened in this era which saw the rise of Machiavellian politics, the Wars of Religion, the corrupt Borgia Popes, and the intensified witch-hunts of the 16th century.