Postmodern novelists and film-makers have reflected on apophenia-related phenomena, such as:

In 1971, the Arab-American scholar Ihab Hassan published The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature, an early work of literary criticism from a postmodern perspective, in which the author traces the development of what he calls " literature of silence " through Marquis de Sade, Franz Kafka, Ernest Hemingway, Beckett, and many others, including developments such as the Theatre of the Absurd and the nouveau roman.

Postmodern philosophy is skeptical or nihilistic toward many of the values and assumptions of philosophy that derive from modernity, such as humanity having an essence which distinguishes humans from animals, or the assumption that one form of government is demonstrably better than another.

Postmodern researchers therefore embarked on analyzing discourses such as texts, language, policies and practices.

Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement.

Noting this important conceptual shift, major contemporary theorists such as Matei Calinescu in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism ( 1987 ), and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History ( 1995 ), have suggested that this is a sign our culture has entered a new post-modern age, when the former modernist ways of thinking and behaving have been rendered redundant.

For convenient access to many of Ritzer ’ s substantive contributions to modern and postmodern social theorizing, see Explorations in Social Theory: From Metatheorizing to Rationalization ( 2001 ) as well as more recent work often co-authored with his many students, such as ( with J. Michael Ryan ) “ Postmodern Social Theory and Sociology: On Symbolic Exchange with a ‘ Dead ’ Theory ,” in Reconstructing Postmodernism: Critical Debates ( 2007 ).

Postmodern narratives will often deliberately disturb the formulaic expectations such cultural codes provide, pointing thereby to a possible revision of the social code.

; and also from dance-specific practices, drawing from Modern and Postmodern dance, as well as Eastern movement philosophy and practice such as Yoga and Martial Arts.

There are also some interesting examples of Modern and Postmodern architecture, such as the Cootehill Post Office.

John Watkins Chapman suggested " a Postmodern style of painting " as a way to move beyond French Impressionism.

Postmodern philosophy also drew from the world of the arts and architecture, particularly Marcel Duchamp, John Cage and artists who practiced collage, and the architecture of Las Vegas and the Pompidou Centre.

John Burgee is an American architect noted for his contributions to Postmodern architecture.

* Deely, John ( 2001 ) Four Ages of Understanding: The First Postmodern Survey of Philosophy from ancient Times to the Turn of the Twenty-first Century.

“ Good Vibrations: John / Eleanor, Dame Alys, the Pardoner, and Foucault .” Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre-and Postmodern.

* Philip Davies, review of John J. Collins, " The Bible after Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age ", 2005 Reviews a survey of postmodernist biblical criticism.

Metro Hall is a 27-storey Postmodern office tower at the corner of Wellington and John Streets in Toronto, Canada.

* Pangle, Thomas L., The Ennobling of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-8018-4635-8

Postmodern novelist Thomas Pynchon, who was also influenced by Beat fiction, experimented since the 1960s with the surrealist idea of startling juxtapositions ; commenting on the " necessity of managing this procedure with some degree of care and skill ", he added that " any old combination of details will not do.

* Several chapters of Thomas Pynchon's Postmodern novel V. take place in the city of Valletta.

): Ancient & Postmodern Christianity: Paleo-Orthodoxy in the 21st Century ( Essays In Honor of Thomas C. Oden ), ISBN 0-8308-2654-8.

* Ancient & Postmodern Christianity: Paleo-Orthodoxy in the 21st Century ( Essays In Honor of Thomas C. Oden ), edited by Christopher Hall and Kenneth Tanner ( ISBN 0-8308-2654-8 )

" Other than Postmodern ?-- Foucault, Pynchon, Hybridity, Ethics " in Postmodern Culture, vol.

While the term " Postmodern " and its derivatives are freely used, with some uses apparently contradicting others, those outside the academic milieu have described it as merely a buzzword that means nothing.

Literary postmodernism was officially inaugurated in the United States with the first issue of boundary 2, subtitled " Journal of Postmodern Literature and Culture ", which appeared in 1972.

Postmodern music, on the other hand, shares characteristics with postmodernist art — that is, art that comes after and reacts against modernism ( see Modernism in Music ).

As a proponent of anti-foundationalism and anti-essentialism within a Pragmatist framework, he echoes Postmodern strains of Conventionalism and Philosophical Relativism, but opposes much Postmodern thinking with his commitment to Social Liberalism.

Postmodern philosophy has strong relations with the substantial literature of critical theory.

In some respects, Postmodern music could be categorized as simply the music of the postmodern era, or music that follows aesthetic and philosophical trends of postmodernism, but with Jameson in mind, it is clear these definitions are inadequate.

Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, with the advent of Modern and Postmodern art forms, distinctions between what is generally regarded as the fine arts and the low arts have started to fade, as contemporary high art continues to challenge these concepts by mixing with popular culture.

" Against Postmodernism, etcetera -- A Conversation with Susan Sontag " in Postmodern Culture, vol.

Postmodern pastiche of Chandler in which the protagonist shares his name with Marlowe.

Postmodern theorist Fredric Jameson calls it " a kind of hyped-up name-dropping ... an encyclopaedic familiarity with the fashions ... class status as a matter of knowing the score rather than of having money and power ".

* Postmodern theory: An approach that is critical of modernism, with a mistrust of grand theories and ideologies.

Postmodern art sees the blurring between the high and fine arts with low-end and commercial art ; modern art started to experiment with this blurring.

Postmodern art has questioned common rules and guidelines of what is regarded as ' fine art ', merging low art with the fine arts until none is fully distinguishable.

In an interview with Anglistik Gass commented on the subject of his genre and form defying works, laughing off the title " Postmodern ," and coining himself " Late " or " Decayed Modern "

* " Interview with Laura Hinton ", Postmodern Culture, Issue 16, Vol.

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

The 1990s is often considered the end of Modernity and the dawn of the current Postmodern age, even though the first traces of postmodernity takes place as far back as the 1940s.

Postmodern tastes favoured discontinuous narratives and the introduction of the ' first person ', yet they were more favourable to Scott's work than Modernist tastes.

Postmodern art, for instance, places a strong emphasis on irony, parody and humour in general ; modern art started to develop a more ironic approach to art which would later advance in a postmodern context.

It is more often thought of as a work of Postmodern literature, as evidenced by its inclusion in the Norton Anthology of Postmodern American Fiction.