Postmodern theorist Jean Baudrillard wrote briefly of nihilism from the postmodern viewpoint in Simulacra and Simulation.

In some respects, Postmodern music could be categorized as simply the music of the postmodern era, or music that follows aesthetic and philosophical trends of postmodernism, but with Jameson in mind, it is clear these definitions are inadequate.

In 1971, the Arab-American scholar Ihab Hassan published The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature, an early work of literary criticism from a postmodern perspective, in which the author traces the development of what he calls " literature of silence " through Marquis de Sade, Franz Kafka, Ernest Hemingway, Beckett, and many others, including developments such as the Theatre of the Absurd and the nouveau roman.

Most famously, in La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir ( The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge ) ( 1979 ), he proposes what he calls an extreme simplification of the " postmodern " as an ' incredulity towards meta-narratives '.

While the term " Postmodern " and its derivatives are freely used, with some uses apparently contradicting others, those outside the academic milieu have described it as merely a buzzword that means nothing.

Literary postmodernism was officially inaugurated in the United States with the first issue of boundary 2, subtitled " Journal of Postmodern Literature and Culture ", which appeared in 1972.

Postmodern music, on the other hand, shares characteristics with postmodernist art — that is, art that comes after and reacts against modernism ( see Modernism in Music ).

As a proponent of anti-foundationalism and anti-essentialism within a Pragmatist framework, he echoes Postmodern strains of Conventionalism and Philosophical Relativism, but opposes much Postmodern thinking with his commitment to Social Liberalism.

Postmodern philosophy has strong relations with the substantial literature of critical theory.

Postmodern novelist Thomas Pynchon, who was also influenced by Beat fiction, experimented since the 1960s with the surrealist idea of startling juxtapositions ; commenting on the " necessity of managing this procedure with some degree of care and skill ", he added that " any old combination of details will not do.

Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, with the advent of Modern and Postmodern art forms, distinctions between what is generally regarded as the fine arts and the low arts have started to fade, as contemporary high art continues to challenge these concepts by mixing with popular culture.

Postmodern novelists such as John Barth and Thomas Pynchon operate with even more freedom, mixing historical characters and settings with invented history and fantasy, as in the novels The Sot-Weed Factor and Mason & Dixon respectively.

For convenient access to many of Ritzer ’ s substantive contributions to modern and postmodern social theorizing, see Explorations in Social Theory: From Metatheorizing to Rationalization ( 2001 ) as well as more recent work often co-authored with his many students, such as ( with J. Michael Ryan ) “ Postmodern Social Theory and Sociology: On Symbolic Exchange with a ‘ Dead ’ Theory ,” in Reconstructing Postmodernism: Critical Debates ( 2007 ).

" Against Postmodernism, etcetera -- A Conversation with Susan Sontag " in Postmodern Culture, vol.

Postmodern pastiche of Chandler in which the protagonist shares his name with Marlowe.

* Postmodern theory: An approach that is critical of modernism, with a mistrust of grand theories and ideologies.

Postmodern art sees the blurring between the high and fine arts with low-end and commercial art ; modern art started to experiment with this blurring.

Postmodern art has questioned common rules and guidelines of what is regarded as ' fine art ', merging low art with the fine arts until none is fully distinguishable.

In an interview with Anglistik Gass commented on the subject of his genre and form defying works, laughing off the title " Postmodern ," and coining himself " Late " or " Decayed Modern "

* " Interview with Laura Hinton ", Postmodern Culture, Issue 16, Vol.

Postmodern, anti-racist, feminist, postcolonial, and queer theories all play a role in further explaining Freire ’ s ideas of critical pedagogy, shifting its main focus on social class to include issues pertaining to religion, military identification, race, gender, sexuality, nationality, ethnicity, and age.

Postmodern education should emphasize works not in the canon ; it should focus on the achievements of non-whites, females, and the poor ; it should highlight the historical crimes of whites, males, and the rich ; and it should teach students that science ’ s method has no better claim to yielding truth than any other method and, accordingly, that students should be equally receptive to alternative ways of knowing.

Postmodern Classical music as well is not a musical style, but rather refers to music of the postmodern era.

Postmodern music is not a distinct musical style, but rather refers to music of the postmodern era.

Postmodern theatre raises questions rather than attempting to supply answers or definitive truth.

Postmodern philosophy is skeptical or nihilistic toward many of the values and assumptions of philosophy that derive from modernity, such as humanity having an essence which distinguishes humans from animals, or the assumption that one form of government is demonstrably better than another.

Postmodern tastes favoured discontinuous narratives and the introduction of the ' first person ', yet they were more favourable to Scott's work than Modernist tastes.

" Other than Postmodern ?-- Foucault, Pynchon, Hybridity, Ethics " in Postmodern Culture, vol.

Penelope Fritzer in the article Scrooge McDuck: Postmodern Robber Baron considers it possible for the money bin to symbolize the entire Disney empire.

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

" Programming Paradise: Haraldo de Campos, Concrete Poetry, and the Postmodern Multimedia Avant-Garde ".

" Six Case Studies in New American Music: A Postmodern Portrait Gallery ".

" The Decomposing Voice of Postmodern Music ".

" The Celebration of Beethoven ’ s Bicentennial in 1970: The Antiauthoritarian Movement and Its Impact on Radical Avant-garde and Postmodern Music in West Germany ".

" Reflections of Surrealism in Postmodern Musics ".

" Bad Religion Takes Postmodern Punk Mainstream ".

" The Ideology of Postmodern Music and Left Politics ".

The anthropologist Bruno Latour, criticized in Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals ' Abuse of Science ( 1998 ), described the scandal as a " tempest in a tea cup ".

* Nichols, Catherine " Dialogizing Postmodern Carnival: David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest ".

" Others said it was " Postmodern nonsense ".

" Composer and Analyst of the Postmodern Age ".

*" Architecture to Philosophy-The Postmodern Complicity ", an article in Theory, Culture & Society, Volume 5 ( 2-3 ), June 1988 special edition on " Postmodernism ".