Prefiguring illusionists Harry Houdini and James Randi, Barnum exposed " the tricks of the trade " used by mediums to cheat the bereaved.

Prefiguring forms of communism can be seen in communes and other collective living experiments.

During the 19th century the great Sakya master and terton Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, the famous Kagyu master Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye and the important Nyingma terton Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa founded the Rime movement, an alleged ecumenical attempt to incorporate all teachings of all schools, to overcome the separation of Buddhist transmission in different traditions.

This movement still influences modern Tibetan Buddhist practice through the " five great treasures " of Jamgon Kongtrul and the treasure of rediscovered teachings ( Rinchen Terdzöd ).

* The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet by Ringu Tulku, ISBN 1-59030-286-9, Shambhala Publications

* Ringu Tulku: The Rimé ( Ris-med ) movement of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great Paper given on 7th Conference of International Association For Tibetan Studies in June 1995

According to Jamgon Kongtrul, when Atiśa discovered the store of Sanskrit texts at Pekar Kordzoling, the library of Samye, " he said that the degree to which the Vajrayana had spread in Tibet was unparalleled, even in India.

* Ringu Tulku, The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet, ISBN 1-59030-286-9, Shambhala Publications

Among his three main teachers were Jamgon Kongtrul of Sechen, HH Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, and Khenpo Gangshar.

The Kagyu lineage divides the mahāmudrā teachings into three types, " sutra mahāmudrā ," " tantra mahāmudrā ," and " essence mahāmudrā ," in a formulation that appears to originate with Jamgon Kongtrul.

* Tibet: Dolpopa, Tāranātha, Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, Ju Mipham

According to Jamgon Kongtrul, the founder of the Rime movement, in his 19th century commentary to the Lojong slogan, " To see confusion as the four kayas, the sunyata protection is unsurpassable " ( as translated by Ken McLeod ) when one meditates on ultimate bodhicitta and rests in a state where appearances simply appear but there is no clinging to them, the dharmakaya aspect is that all appearances are empty in nature, the sambhogakaya is that they appear with clarity, the nirmanakaya is that this emptiness and clarity occur together, and the svabhavikakaya aspect is that these are inseparable.

The further Tibetan commentaries they use differ by school, although since the 19th century appearance of the widely renowned scholars Jamgon Kongtrul, Ju Mipham and Khenpo Shenga, Kagyupas and Nyingmapas use many of the same Tibetan commentaries as well.

The Nyingma and Kagyu rely heavily on the extensive, Jonang-influenced Kalachakra commentaries of Ju Mipham and Jamgon Kongtrul the Great, both of whom took a strong interest in the tradition.

Kalu Rinpoche in 1987 at Kagyu Rintchen Tcheu Ling in Montpellier, FranceThe Kalachakra tradition practiced in the Karma and Shangpa Kagyu schools is derived from the Jonang tradition, and was largely systematized by Jamgon Kongtrul the Great, who wrote the text that is now used for empowerment.

The Second and The Third Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche ( 1954 – 1992 ) were also prominent Kalachakra lineage holders, with the Jamgon Kontrul III giving the initiation publicly in North America on at least one occasion ( Toronto 1990 ).

Tai Situ recognised the 8th, 9th ( together with the Shamarpa ), 14th, and ( together with Jamgon Kongtrul ) 16th Karmapas.

He became the root-lama to the 1st Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, and Chogyur Dechen Lingpa.

The 9th Kenting Tai Situpa started the Rimey ( Nonsectarian ) movement of Tibet, which was later on firmly established and expanded upon by his disciples, in particular by the Jamgon Kongtrul of Palpung.

Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche's root guru was none other than the 9th Kenting Tai Situpa.

His formal enthronement was performed by the fourteenth Karmapa, Thegchog Dorje and the first Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye.

Ongen Rinpoche helped Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye setup the memorial ceremonies and constructed a stupa in honor of the 10th Kenting Tai Situpa.

The second Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche also taught and bestowed many empowerments on him.

In the 19th century some of the most famous were the Khen Kong Chok Sum referring to Jamyang Khyentse, Jamgon Kongtrul and Chokgyur Lingpa.

* Rinchen Terdzod ( Precious Treasures ) Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, and Chogyur Dechen Lingpa assembled thousands of Terma treasure texts from the Nyingma tradition all across Tibet, creating the 108 volumes of the Rinchen Terdzod.

" The movement was founded in Eastern Tibet during the late 19th century largely by Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo and Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, the latter of whom is often respected as the founder proper.

Two of the founding voices of Rimé were Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo and Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, both from different schools.

Other modern adherents include the late 16th Karmapa and Dudjom Rinpoche, both of whom gave extensive teachings from the works of Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro, as well as Akong Rinpoche who, with the late Chogyam Trungpa helped establish Tibetan Buddhism in Britain.

In the year 2000, His Holiness Penor Rinpoche, then head of the Nyingma sect, again reconfirmed Jamgon Yangsi as the genuine reincarnation of the Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye.

Arya Maitreya, with commentary by Jamgon Kongrul Lodro Thaye and Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche, Snow Lion, 200.

* 3rd Jamgon Kongtrul Karma Lodro Chokyi Senge according to Beru Khyentse Rinpoche, father of one recognition

His other teachers included Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye ; Dzogchen Khenpo Padma Vajra ; Lab Kyabgon Wangchen Gyerab Dorje ; Jubon Jigme Dorje ; Bumsar Geshe Ngawang Jungne and Ngor Ponlop Jamyang Loter Wangpo.

While in the middle of his journey, a fellow pilgrim led him the famous Palpung Retreat Centre founded by Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye Rinpoche, one of the masters in 19th century Tibet.

Yonten Phuntsok, an old and famous Tibetan medical doctor, who was himself a student of the even more famous Jamgon Kontrul Lodro Thaye Rinpoche.

Coincidentally, the fourth Paltul Rinpoche had studied under and was a close disciple of Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye Rinpoche

They originate with Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, one of the most illustrious lamas of recent history, known for his central role in the rimé or non-sectarian movement in 19th Century Tibet.

This revival was continued by Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, a 19th century ecumenical ( rimé ) scholar and forceful exponent of Shentong.

Of the Five, the Treasury of Knowledge was Jamgon Kongtrul's magnum opus, covering the full spectrum of Buddhist history, philosophy and practice.

His many disciples included Jamgön Kongtrul, Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso, Dodrupchen Jikmé Tenpé Nyima, Chokgyur Lingpa, Tertön Sogyal and many other masters of the Nyingma school ; the Sakya throneholder Tashi Rinchen, the fourth Zimwock Rinpoche of Nalendra monastery, many of the khenpos of Ngor and many other masters of the Sakya tradition ; the fourteenth and fifteenth Gyalwa Karmapas, the tenth and eleventh Situ Rinpoches, Taklungma Rinpoche and other holders of the Kagyü teachings ; Könchok Tenpa Rabgyé, the Nomihan of Drakyab, Lithang Khenchen Jampa Phuntsok, Horkhang Sar Gyalwa and other Geshes of the Gelugpa tradition, and also followers of the Bön tradition.

He was trained in the Longchen Nyingtik lineage of the Nyingma school as well as the Khyen-Kong Chok-Sum lineages ( those of Jamgon Kongtrul, Khyentse Wangpo and Chokgyur Lingpa — the three primary figures in the rimé movement ) by his root guru H. H.

Chokgyur Lingpa or Chokgyur Dechen Lingpa ( 1829-1870 ) was a terton or treasure revealer and contemporary of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo and Jamgon Kongtrul.