Only recently, and perhaps because a television debate can so effectively dramatize President Kennedy's extraordinary mastery of detail, have the abilities on which the capacity for making distinctions depend begun to be clearly discernible at the level of politics.

* In the timeline of Robert Heinlein's utopian novel For Us, the Living – written in 1939 but only published posthumously in 2003 – LaGuardia is elected President in 1951 and serves two terms as a militant reforming president, effectively nationalizing the banking system and instituting a system of Social Credit.

President Saakashvili rejected all demands that he resign his position, but announced early presidential elections to be held in January 2008, effectively cutting his term in office by a year.

In the 1930s, President Karl Taylor Compton and Vice-President ( effectively Provost ) Vannevar Bush reformed the applied technology curriculum by re-emphasizing the importance of " pure " sciences like physics and chemistry and by reducing the vocational practice required in shops and drafting studios.

Luis Somoza Debayle became President ( 29 September 1956 to 1 May 1963 ), and was effectively dictator of the country until his death, but his brother Anastasio Somoza Debayle held great power as head of the National Guard.

* 1910 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero issues the Plan de San Luis Potosi, denouncing President Porfirio Díaz, calling for a revolution to overthrow the government of Mexico, effectively starting the Mexican Revolution.

563 ) had a rider () attached that effectively ended the President ’ s treaty making by providing that no Indian nation or tribe shall be acknowledged as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty.

Then, on August 15, 1971, United States President Richard Nixon announced that the United States dollar would no longer be convertible to gold, effectively ending the system.

Additionally, it was becoming increasingly apparent that a situation in which the Vice President had been a defeated electoral opponent of the President would impede the ability of the two to effectively work together, and could provide motivation, at least in theory, for a coup d ' état ( since the Vice President would succeed to the office of the President upon the removal or death of the President ).

President Lincoln put Grant in command of the newly formed Division of the Mississippi in October 1863 ; Grant was then effectively in charge of the entire western war front for the Union, except for Louisiana.

President Grant effectively enforced the Civil Rights of Southern freedmen through the use of Justice Department in coordination with the U. S. Military and the Department of War.

Grant's two Attorney Generals Amos T. Akerman and George H. Williams, in addition to Solicitor General Benjamin Bristow, effectively prosecuted and shut down the Ku Klux Klan by 1872 through the use of the Force Acts passed by President Grant and Congress.

The President was by habit fiercely loyal and protective to those he befriended and complacently trusted ; effectively reformers who desired integrity in the federal government became hostile to the Administration and caused a party split in 1872.

** President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system.

" When Johnson's veto terminated the Freedman's Bureau, the President had effectively entrenched himself against Congress, and Garfield rejoined the Radical camp.

By 1848, Edward Hay Drummond Hay, the President of the British Virgin Islands, reported that: " there are now no properties in the Virgin Islands whose holders are not embarrassed for want of capital or credit sufficient to enable them to carry on the simplest method of cultivation effectively.

Bingham was Lord President of Connacht, with the task of increasing control over the local lords that had been effectively self-governing.

Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were soon made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment over which only the President had direct line authority.

In 1948, President Harry S. Truman ordered the desegregation of the U. S. Army, proposed the creation of a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission, supported the elimination of state poll taxes ( which effectively discriminated against poor blacks and whites ), and supported drafting federal anti-lynching laws.

By giving the President the authority to negotiate these deals, the Congress effectively ceded a part of their power ( authorized under US Constitution, Article I, Section VIII ) to the executive branch.

* 1932 – Luis García Meza Tejada, Bolivian general and dictator, 68th President of Bolivia

After the mutinies, President Patassé suffered from a typical " dictator ’ s paranoia ", resulting in a period of cruel terror executed by the presidential guard and various militia within the FACA loyal to the president, such as the Karako.

Li visited the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, and denounced Chiang as a " dictator " and an " usurper.

** Emilio Aguinaldo, the last President of the Supreme Government Council 23 March 1897-16 December 1897 and chairman of the Revolutionary Government from 23 June to 1 November 1897, was dictator from 12 June 1898-23 January.

Born into a working-class family, from an early age Ortega developed a hatred of the ruling President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, who was widely recognized as a dictator, and became involved in the underground movement to oppose Somoza's regime.

* 1998 – Sani Abacha, Nigerian military dictator and politician, 10th President of Nigeria ( b. 1943 )

Banda, who was always referred to as " His Excellency the Life President Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda ", was a dictator.

* 1926 – The dictator Theodoros Pangalos is elected President of Greece without opposition.

Friedman also met with military dictator President Augusto Pinochet during his visit.

On May 2, 1999, Mireya Moscoso, the widow of former President Arnulfo Arias Madrid, defeated PRD candidate Martín Torrijos, son of the late dictator.

The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who exploited his position to eventually become President of the Republic of China, dictator and finally abortive emperor of China.

In startling form, he once spoke in support of a strong executive, at least in wartime, saying about President Wilson, " He is already ... our partial dictator.

General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan Qizilbash, ( Urdu: آغا محمد یحیی خان قزلباش ; February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980 ), was the senior Army Commander who was the third President of Pakistan, and the military dictator from 1969 until the dissolution of East-Pakistan, in December 16, 1971.

Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator.

Later, while attending a meeting of the League of Nations, he was ousted in a coup by President Smetona, who made himself dictator.

* March 11 – Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet is sworn in as President of Chile for another 8-year term.

** Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romanian dictator, Communist Party head and President of the Republic ( executed ) ( b. 1918 )

** President of Brazil Getulio Vargas names himself dictator.

* January 1 – Pervez Musharraf wins a vote of confidence from an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the provincial assemblies, confirming him as President of Pakistan and de facto dictator until 2007.

Involving himself in armed rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he concluded that the U. S .- backed Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, who was widely seen as a dictator, had to be overthrown ; to this end he led a failed armed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953.

Idi Amin Dada was the military dictator and third President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.

The final military dictator, Manuel Noriega, had been belligerent toward the USA culminating in the killing of a US Marine Lieutenant and US invasion ordered by President, George H. W. Bush.

Clooney and John Prendergast co-wrote a Washington Post op-ed piece in May 2011, titled " Dancing with a dictator in Sudan ", arguing that: President Omar al-Bashir has been indicted by the International Criminal Court for genocide, is escalating bombing and food aid obstruction in Darfur, and he now threatens the entire north-south peace process ... the evidence shows that incentives alone are insufficient to change Khartoum's calculations.