Prior to the election of the Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla as Pope John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian was Pope Adrian VI of the Netherlands, elected in 1522.

Prior to being made Pope, Sixtus was a patron of Pelagius, who was later condemned as a heretic.

Prior to his short papacy, he had been a Canon Lawyer, diplomat, and chief administrator during the reign of Pope Gregory XIV ( 1590 – 1591 ).

Prior to the demise of the Papal States, the First Vatican Council had been convened by Pope Pius IX.

Prior to his sudden death in December 983, Otto II had installed Pope John XIV, a non-Roman who had served as Otto II's chancellor in Italy, on the chair of St. Peter.

Prior to being elected Pope, he was an unordained layman and was therefore ordained a bishop in order to enable him to ascend the papal chair, having previously been a consul and senator.

On the accession of George I however, he was deprived of office and retired to Cokethorpe, where he enjoyed the society of men of letters, Swift, Pope, Prior and other famous writers being among his frequent guests.

Prior recipients of this award were the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa.

Prior to his episcopal ministry, Pope Gregory XVI, on November 27, 1825, created the Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands.

Prior to the reform of 1955, when Pope Pius XII abolished all but three liturgical octaves, the Latin Church celebrated Epiphany as an eight-day feast, known as the Octave of Epiphany, beginning on 6 January and ending on 13 January.

Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Prior, Sterne, and Congreve were among his friends.

A list of the nearly 700 books in his library is preserved in the Bodleian Library while architecture and related crafts made up the bulk of his books ; other subjects covered included: antiquities, coins, and heraldry ; histories of England, Scotland and Rome and other nations ; literature included works by Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe and Matthew Prior ; travel books including Egypt, the South Seas, Russia, Hungary, Lapland, Virginia, Ceylon and Abyssinia, missionary travels included China, Formosa, Guinea, Borneo and the East Indies ; books on religion included both Anglican and Roman Catholic works ; and even cookery books.

Sculptures owned by Gibbs included a bust of Flora by François Girardon, a bust of Matthew Prior by Antoine Coysevox and busts of Alexander Pope and Gibbs by Rysbrack.

Prior Park Landscape Garden is an 18th-century landscape garden, designed by the poet Alexander Pope and the landscape gardener Capability Brown, and now owned by the National Trust.

Prior Park was created by local entrepreneur and philanthropist Ralph Allen from about 1734 until his death in 1764, with advice from both Pope and Brown.

Prior Park's landscape garden was laid out by the poet Alexander Pope between the construction of the house and 1764.

Prior to the death of Pope John Paul II, the President was Cardinal Edmund Szoka, the Archbishop of Detroit Emeritus.

Prior to Vatican II they provided personal assistance to the Pope on formal state occasions as members of the Papal Court.

Prior to him was Pope St. Pius V.

Prior to his death in 1447, Pope Eugene IV attempted to solve the now-long-standing water dispute between Sermoneta and Sezze by digging another canal to connect and control the rivers of those regions, but the project ended when he died.

John Wesley in " Thoughts on the Character and Writings of Mr. Prior " ( 1782 ) compared the poet Matthew Prior with Pope, mostly to the detriment of the latter ; in this essay, Wesley says of Pope:

Prior to the reforms of Pius XII ( which reduced the proportions further ), 1 % of the Old Testament and 16. 5 % of the New Testament had been read at Mass.

Prior to its tabling in Dáil Éireann and presentation to the Irish electorate in a plebiscite, an obfuscatory comment on the final amended draft by Secretary of State Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, the future Holy Father Pius XII responded " We do not approve, neither do we disapprove ; We shall maintain silence.

Prior to the changes made by Pius XII and Paul VI, fasting and abstinence were more strictly regulated.

Prior to 1945 ( the year Pius XII changed the form of ballot to use anonymous oaths, first carried out in 1958 ), when the ballots were of the more complex type illustrated above, the sealing wax which was used in those ballots had an effect in making the smoke from burning the ballots either black or white, depending on whether damp straw was added or not.

Prior to being drafted by the NHL, Bell attended High School at St. Pius X High School ( Ottawa ).

Prior to this definition, it was used by Persian-speakers ( and others influenced by Persian ) to denote the Pashtun people.

" Prior to Draper, Beauchamp & Davidson had also offered a definition which includes these elements, although they offered a somewhat longer account, and one that specifically discounts fetuses in order to distinguish between abortions and euthanasia:

Prior to 1947, the only definition of first-class cricket had been one in Great Britain that dated from a meeting at Lord's in May 1894 between the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) committee and the secretaries of the clubs involved in the official County Championship, which had begun in 1890.

Prior to 2009, the Pleistocene was defined to be 1. 805 million years ago to present, such that the present definition of the Pleistocene includes a portion of what was prior to 2009 defined as part of the Pliocene.

The first known definition in the West is by Aristotle around 350 BC, in his book Prior Analytics, where he classified it as a material fallacy.

When the fallacy of begging the question is committed in more than one step, it is sometimes referred to as circulus in probando or reasoning in a circle but incorrectly so, if this fallacy is considered under the definition Aristotle gave in Prior Analytics.

Prior to the launch of its HD feed in 2004, some sitcoms and drama series were presented in this format, but now reality, talk, and game shows ( American Idol being the lone exception, as it is presented in High Definition ) are only presented in the enhanced definition widescreen mode.

Despite this very general definition, in the Prior Analytics, Aristotle limits himself to categorical syllogisms, which consist of three categorical propositions.

Prior to BAPCPA, the definition of household goods was broader so that more items could have been included, including more than one television, VCR, radio, etc.

Prior to the invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ), defibrillation, epinephrine injection, and other treatments in the 20th century, the absence of blood circulation ( and vital functions related to blood circulation ) was historically considered to be the official definition of death.

Prior to the definition, the only qualified music was that sold in Christian Booksellers Association affiliated stores.

Prior to the definition of the candela, variety of units for luminous intensity were used in various countries.

Prior to the 1950s, there was little distinction between toy trains and model railroads — model railroads were toys by definition.

Prior to the 1929 revisions of the Act, poverty and gender shaped the definition of delinquency with class stereotypes mitigating against the persecution of wealthier children.

Prior to the Patriot Act, it was unclear whether or not the definition of a pen register, which included very specific telephone terminology, could apply to internet communications.

Prior to this, the Rede Globo provided 480i standard definition service.

Prior to 1959 both the IUPAP and IUPAC tended to use oxygen to define the mole, the chemists defining the mole as the number of atoms of oxygen which had mass 16 g, the physicists using a similar definition but with the oxygen-16 isotope only.

Prior to 1997, homosexual in mainland China was found guilty included in a general definition under the vague vocabulary of hooliganism, there are no specifically anti-homosexual laws.

: 1: Prior to about 1900, the term for a variety of explosive devices designed for use in water, including mines, spar torpedoes and, after the mid-19th century, " automotive ," " automobile ," " locomotive ," or " fish " torpedoes ( self-propelled weapons which fit the modern definition of " torpedo ").

Prior to the adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia, this type of administrative division had a uniform definition on the whole territory of the Russian SFSR.

Prior to 2008, the definition was: " Any person in an armed conflict who could be properly detained under the laws and customs of war.

Prior to that, only the standard definition signal for KMOV was available on Charter cable.

Prior to the adoption of anti-aliased drawing by X11, the use of 3D rendering APIs for 2D desktop rendering was undesirable because such APIs did not make the pixel accurate rendering guarantees that are part of the original X11 protocol definition.