Some critics claim copyright law protects corporate interests while criminalizing legitimate use, while proponents argue the law is fair and just.

In a lively exchange over what has come to be referred to as " The Chinese room Argument ", John Searle sought to refute the claim of proponents of what he calls ' Strong Artificial Intelligence ( AI )' that a computer program can be conscious, though he does agree with advocates of " Weak AI " that computer programs can be formatted to " simulate " conscious states.

Its proponents claim insulin therapy increases the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by malignant cells, permitting the use of lower total drug doses and reducing side-effects.

Despite the demonstrated efficacy of awards in changing behavior, their use in education has been criticized by proponents of self-determination theory, who claim that praise and other rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.

Criticizability, in contrast to falsifiability, and thus rationality, may be comprehensive ( i. e., have no logical limits ), though this claim is controversial even among proponents of Popper's philosophy and critical rationalism.

Falsifiability is an important concept within the creation – evolution controversy, where proponents of both sides claim that Popper developed falsifiability to denote ideas as unscientific or pseudoscientific and use it to make arguments against the views of the respective other side.

Other intelligent design proponents claim that the evolution of the entire visual system would be difficult rather than the eye alone.

Progressivists, like proponents of most educational theories, claim to rely on the best available scientific theories of learning.

Although Oneness proponents claim " Jesus " is the name of the Father ( in that he by inheritance obtained a more excellent name ), Oneness people are speaking in terms of the humanity of God as different from the trinitarian claim Jesus was the second God of rank in the trinity who became human.

Those proponents of rational choice models associated with the Chicago school of economics do not claim that a model's assumptions are a full description of reality, only that good models can aid reasoning and provide help in formulating falsifiable hypothesis, whether intuitive or not.

Their proponents claim that, unlike other materials, a well-made clay pipe gives a " pure " smoke, with no flavor addition from the pipe bowl.

Health proponents claim this is a subversive move by the industry to hide a toxic additive since the MSG contained within the yeast extract does not require explicit labeling.

Modern proponents of social Trinitarianism often claim to have been influenced by the Cappadocians ' dynamic picture of the Trinity.

Some sportsmen and professional dancers claim to prefer Bikram yoga, because proponents argue it has injury-healing, emotion-strengthening, toxin-flushing, weight-managing, and career-extending effects though no concrete peer reviewed evidence has arisen to back up a single one of these claims.

Others explain the increase as being due to the use of inappropriate therapeutic techniques in highly suggestible individuals, though this is itself controversial while proponents of DID claim the increase in incidence is due to increased recognition of and ability to recognize the disorder.

Some proponents of the theory claim that historic descriptions of the stone do not match the present stone.

There are proponents of cobdenism who claim that by removing tariffs and creating international free trade, wars would become impossible, because free trade prevents a nation from becoming self-sufficient, which is a requirement for long wars.

Despite its presence in deer, proponents of the aquatic ape hypothesis claim that the similarity between the descended larynx in humans and aquatic mammals supports their theory.

Iridology ( also known as iridodiagnosis or iridiagnosis is an alternative medicine technique whose proponents claim that patterns, colors, and other characteristics of the iris can be examined to determine information about a patient's systemic health.

Trusted Computing proponents such as International Data Corporation, the Enterprise Strategy Group and Endpoint Technologies Associates claim the technology will make computers safer, less prone to viruses and malware, and thus more reliable from an end-user perspective.

The October experiment allegedly took place while the ship was on its first shakedown cruise in the Bahamas, although proponents of the story claim that the ship's logs might have been falsified, or else still be classified.

All of the features that proponents claim to explain by exposure to an aquatic environment have conventional explanations that are more accepted within the paleoanthropological community.

For these reasons, proponents of gender-neutral language claim that linguistic clarity as well as equality would be better served by having " man " refer unambiguously to males, and " human " to all persons.

The proponents of IPT give the following explanation of the biology of cancer and its cells in order to understand the mechanisms of IPT, which relies upon insulin, the most integral component of IPT, having three significant actions upon cancer cells described below, as well as also dropping blood sugar levels and thus the energy source for cancer.

The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.

Moreover, some proponents point to recent research on the increase in cranial compliance following on trepanation, with resulting increase in blood flow, as providing some justification for the practice.

Cupping is used to treat a broad range of medical conditions such as ; blood disorders ( anaemia, haemophilia ), rheumatic diseases ( arthritic joint and muscular conditions ), fertility and gynaecological disorders, and skin problems ( eczema, acne ), and is claimed by proponents to help general physical and psychological well-being.

Critics of WADA Code whereabouts requirements have criticized the requirement as overly strict, while proponents claim the requirement ensure athletes cannot evade tests.

In addition, some proponents of metabolic typing use tests such as hair analysis to determine a person's " metabolic type ".

Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, two strong proponents of cultural evolution, postulate that the act of social learning, or learning in a group as done in group selection, allows human populations to accrue information over many generations.

At the same time, however, it stated in its opinion that " teaching a variety of scientific theories about the origins of humankind to school children might be validly done with the clear secular intent of enhancing the effectiveness of science instruction ," leaving open the door for a handful of proponents of Creation Science to evolve their arguments into the iteration of creationism that later came to be known as intelligent design.

Groups opposed to this claim sulfide mining may lead to acid mine drainage that can adversely affect water systems, while proponents claim that sulfide mining can be done without adverse environmental effects.

Small scale, unpublished studies ( including one done by Pepperdine University, reportedly at the request of Gary Fisher ) exist but both proponents and detractors of 29 " wheels are generally unimpressed with their scientific rigor.

One side of the debate, the proponents of which are called ‘ incompatibilists ,’ argue that there is no way for people to be morally responsible for immoral acts if they could not have done otherwise.

Different proponents of this school of thought have different ideas about what can be done with property.

The proponents are scientific and technical men who exercise considerable influence on their military counterparts.

It focuses on historical Norse paganism of the Viking Age as described in the Eddas, but proponents also take a more inclusive approach, defining it as " Northern European Heathenry " not limited to a specific historical period.

Various paranormal interpretations appeared in the popular culture, and one of the more outspoken proponents of rods as alien life forms is Jose Escamilla, who claims to have been the first to film them on March 19, 1994 at Roswell, New Mexico, while attempting to film a UFO.

Public discourse ranged in tone from organized arguments by tobacconist and medical practitioner John Williams, who posited that " several arguments proving that inoculating the smallpox is not contained in the law of Physick, either natural or divine, and therefore unlawful ," to more slanderous attacks, such as those put forth in a pamphlet by Dr. William Douglass of Boston entitled The Abuses and Scandals of Some Late Pamphlets in Favour of Inoculation of the Small Pox ( 1721 ), on the qualifications of inoculation's proponents.

Various introductory texts to critical psychology written in the United Kingdom have tended to focus on discourse, but this has been seen by some proponents of critical psychology as a reduction of human experience to language which is as politically dangerous as the way mainstream psychology reduces experience to the individual mind.

The argument between the proponents of Dao and Tao hinges not on which of the two is correct, but which of the two spellings read aloud will better approximate the Chinese.

Some proponents of school vouchers, including the Sutherland Institute and many supporters of the Utah voucher effort, see it as a remedy for the negative cultural impact caused by under-performing public schools, which falls disproportionately on demographic minorities.

Some of the sports have existed for decades and their proponents span generations, some going on to become well known personalities.

Stuart received significant criticism from the Southern press as well as the postbellum proponents of the Lost Cause movement, but historians have failed to agree on whether Stuart's exploit was entirely the fault of his judgment or simply bad luck and Lee's less-than-explicit orders.

In 1977, Falwell supported Anita Bryant's campaign, which was called by its proponents " Save Our Children ", to overturn an ordinance in Dade County, Florida prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and he supported a similar movement in California.

After much dispute between proponents of northern and southern dialects and an abortive attempt at an artificial pronunciation, the National Language Unification Commission finally settled on the Beijing dialect in 1932.

Contrary to the claims of some antievolution proponents, evolution of life forms beyond the species level (" macroevolution ", i. e. speciation ) has indeed been observed and documented by scientists on numerous occasions.

Brian David Josephson and some other proponents of parapsychology have spoken of " irrational attacks on parapsychology " which stem from the difficulties of " putting these phenomena into our present system of the universe ".

Brian David Josephson and some other proponents of parapsychology have spoken of " irrational attacks on parapsychology " which stem from the difficulties of " putting these phenomona into our present system of the universe ".

In a recent editorial in Nature, it was stated that " in journals in those days, the burden of proof was generally on the opponents rather than the proponents of new ideas.

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were proponents of this view, which is based on the " phenomenal field " theory of Combs and Snygg ( 1949 ).

The proponents of this system looked to classical examples, and the writings of the Italian Renaissance, and called their elective monarchy a rzeczpospolita, based on res publica.

The contention of the proponents, that the tax rate cuts would more than pay for themselves, was influenced by a theoretical taxation model based on the elasticity of tax rates, known as the Laffer curve.

The term socialist has also been used by some politicians on the political right as an epithet against certain individuals who do not consider themselves to be socialists, and against policies that are not considered socialist by their proponents.

The Seychelles government is one of the proponents of the Indian Ocean zone of peace concept and it has promoted an end to the United States presence on Diego Garcia.

Despite this, many of structuralism's proponents, such as Jacques Lacan, continue to assert an influence on continental philosophy and many of the fundamental assumptions of some of structuralism's critics ( who have been associated with " post-structuralism ") are a continuation of structuralism.

Noam Chomsky roundly criticized sociobiology and many of its proponents, saying " Even if we grant every factual conclusion for which some shred of evidence is claimed, nothing of interest follows, except on assumptions that reflect ideological fanaticism, not science.

Stevia remained banned until after the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act forced the FDA in 1995 to revise its stance to permit stevia to be used as a dietary supplement, although not as a food additive – a position that stevia proponents regarded as contradictory because it simultaneously labels stevia as safe and unsafe, depending on how it is sold.

In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due largely to technical limitations on processing power, image resolution, and communication bandwidth ; however, the technology's proponents hope that such limitations will be overcome as processor, imaging, and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.