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Page "Antigen" ¶ 10
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Protein and protein
Low carbohydrate diets such as Atkins and Protein Power are relatively high in protein and fats.
In the description of protein structure, in particular in the Protein Data Bank file format, a heteroatom record ( HETATM ) describes an atom as belonging to a small molecule cofactor rather than to be part of a biopolymer chain.
Protein purification involves the isolation of a specific protein of interest from a complex mixture of proteins, often obtained from homogenized cells or tissues.
* Protein module or protein domain
While the infectious agent was named a prion, the specific protein that the prion was composed of is also known as the Prion Protein ( PrP ), though this protein may occur both in infectious and non-infectious forms.
Solved structures are usually deposited in the Protein Data Bank ( PDB ), a freely available resource from which structural data about thousands of proteins can be obtained in the form of Cartesian coordinates for each atom in the protein.
Protein binding can be extraordinarily tight and specific ; for example, the ribonuclease inhibitor protein binds to human angiogenin with a sub-femtomolar dissociation constant (< 10 < sup >− 15 </ sup > M ) but does not bind at all to its amphibian homolog onconase (> 1 M ).
Proteinprotein interactions also regulate enzymatic activity, control progression through the cell cycle, and allow the assembly of large protein complexes that carry out many closely related reactions with a common biological function.
* Protein tag, describing addition of peptide sequences to enable protein isolation
* Protein Synthesis Animation Wesleyan University Learning Objects animation of protein synthesis.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it.
* Protein sequencer, a machine used to automatically produce a sequence readout from a biological protein sample
Once the model of a molecule's structure has been finalized, it is often deposited in a crystallographic database such as the Cambridge Structural Database ( for small molecules ), the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database ( ICSD ) ( for inorganic compounds ) or the Protein Data Bank ( for protein structures ).
Three-dimensional protein structures of the peroxidated catalase intermediates are available at the Protein Data Bank.
* Protein domain, a part of a protein that can exist independently of the rest of the protein chain
Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that possess a catalytic subunit that transfers the gamma ( terminal ) phosphate from nucleotide triphosphates ( often ATP ) to one or more amino acid residues in a protein substrate side chain, resulting in a conformational change affecting protein function.
Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation.
An example of a Green Fluorescent Protein | GFP fusion protein.
Protein methylation typically takes place on arginine or lysine amino acid residues in the protein sequence.

Protein and G
* Howlett, G. J., Minton, A. P., Rivas, G. Analytical Ultracentrifugation for the Study of Protein Association and Assembly.
These invaginations in the sarcoplasma contain a host of receptors ( prostacyclin, endothelin, serotonin, muscarinic receptors, adrenergic receptors ), second messenger generators ( adenylate cyclase, Phospholipase C ), G proteins ( RhoA, G alpha ), kinases ( rho kinase-ROCK, Protein kinase C, Protein Kinase A ), ion channels ( L type Calcium channels, ATP sensitive Potassium channels, Calcium sensitive Potassium channels ) in close proximity.
The cyclic nucleotides ( cGMP and cAMP ) produced by these cyclases activate Protein Kinase G and Proten Kinase A and phosphorylate a number of proteins.
The phosphorylation events lead to a decrease in intracelluar calcium ( inhibit L type Calcium channels, inhibits IP3 receptor channels, stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium pump ATPase ), a decrease in the 20kd myosin light chain phosphorylation by altering calcium sensitization and increasing myosin light chain phosphatase activity, a stimulation of calcium sensitive potassium channels which hyperpolarize the cell, and the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine 16 on the small heat shock protein ( hsp20 ) by Protein Kinases A and G. The phosphorylation of hsp20 appears to alter actin and focal adhesion dynamics and actin-myosin interaction, and recent evidence indicates that hsp20 binding to 14-3-3 protein is involved in this process.
A much quicker, single-step method of separation is Protein A / G affinity chromatography.
The antibody selectively binds to Protein A / G, so a high level of purity ( generally > 80 %) is obtained.
In addition to possibly affecting the product, low pH can cause Protein A / G itself to leak off the column and appear in the eluted sample.
Cost is also an important consideration with this method because immobilized Protein A / G is a more expensive resin.
Members of the subfamily Microvirinae have four structural proteins: major capsid protein F, major spike protein G, a small DNA-binding protein J ( 25-40 amino acids in length ) and DNA pilot protein H. Assembly of the viron uses two scaffolding proteins, internal scaffolding protein B and external scaffolding protein D. Protein H is a multifunctional structural protein required for piloting the viral DNA into the host cell interior during the entry process.
* V. Cutello, G. Nicosia, M. Pavone, J. Timmis ( 2007 ) An Immune Algorithm for Protein Structure Prediction on Lattice Models, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol.
Single-chain variable fragments lack the constant Fc region found in complete antibody molecules, and, thus, the common binding sites ( e. g., Protein G ) used to purify antibodies.
Lysates are complex mixtures of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, and one must assume that some amount of non-specific binding to the IP antibody, Protein A / G or the beaded support will occur and negatively affect the detection of the immunoprecipitated target ( s ).
cGMP-dependent protein kinase or Protein Kinase G ( PKG ) is a serine / threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP.

Protein and L
In 2010, Folding @ home simulated the unfolded states of Protein L, and predicted the collapse rate in strong agreement with experimental results.
These fragments can often be purified or immobilized using Protein L, since Protein L interacts with the variable region of kappa light chains.
* Lionheart 100 % Whey Protein Isolate, a whey protein supplement owned by Neil Headford and Associates P / L Trading as Boomers Prolongevity, Western Australia

Protein and are
Protein sequence can be determined by Edman degradation, in which the N-terminal residues are hydrolyzed from the chain one at a time, derivatized, and then identified.
Protein crystals are formed in salt solutions.
Protein kinases are also found in bacteria and plants.
The images below are of Lipscomb's structures from the Protein Data Bank displayed in simplified form with atomic detail suppressed.
C: Microdialysis Protein crystals are almost always grown in solution.
Some of the more recognized diets are Bourbon's Modified Leadbeaters ( BML ), High Protein Wombaroo ( HPW ), various calcium rich diets and Leadbeaters Mixture ( LBM ).
Protein formation and destruction are both accelerated in hyperthyroidism.
There are over 100 3D structures of tyrosine kinases available at the Protein Data Bank.
Approximately 2000 kinases are known, and more than 90 Protein Tyrosine Kinases ( PTKs ) have been found in the human genome.
Protein tyrosine kinases that are encoded by the Rous sarcoma virus cause cellular transformation, and are termed oncoproteins.
* Protein splicing, a natural process where inteins are removed
Transpeptidases, such as the sortases responsible for anchoring factors like Protein A to the staphylococcal peptidoglycan, are being studied in hopes of developing new antibiotics to target MRSA infections.
Protein sequences are frequently aligned using substitution matrices that reflect the probabilities of given character-to-character substitutions.
In addition, structures of many water-soluble domains of IMPs are available in the Protein Data Bank.
Protein expression systems are very widely used in the life sciences, biotechnology and medicine.
Protein expression systems are used to produce certain proteins in biotechnology and industry, and more recently to produce sets ( combinatorial series ) of protein that are screened for drug discovery purpose.
Protein levels are evaluated through densitometry ( how intense the stain is ) or spectrophotometry.
Protein molecules — either of the host's own phenotype or of other biologic entities — are continually synthesized and degraded in a cell.

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