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Proto-Celtic is reconstructed as having * werbā-' blister ' in its lexicon and the name may be a suffixed form of this lexeme meaning “ blistered one .” On the other hand, the root of the name may represent a Celtic reflex of the Proto-Indo-European root * wer-bhe-‘ bend, turn ,’ cognate with Modern English warp, followed by the durative suffix *- j-and the feminine suffix *- ā-and so might have meant “ she who is constantly bending and turning .” Another possibility is that the name is a compound of Romano-British reflexes of the Proto-Celtic elements ** Uφer-bej-ā-( upper-strike-F ) “ the upper striker .”
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Proto-Celtic and is
The Proto-Celtic form of the theonym is reconstructed as either * Cerno-on-os or * Carno-on-os.
The name Mabon is derived from the Common Brythonic and Gaulish deity Maponos, meaning "( Divine ) Son ", from the Proto-Celtic root * makwo-" son ".
Similarly, Modron is derived from Common Brythonic and Gaulish deity Matrona, meaning "( divine ) Mother ", from Proto-Celtic * māter " mother ".
In the Middle Irish period the name is often spelled Mórrígan with a lengthening diacritic over the ' o ', seemingly intended to mean " Great Queen " ( Old Irish mór, ' great '; this would derive from a hypothetical Proto-Celtic * Māra Rīganī-s ).
The name of the month is of Proto-Celtic age, cf.
In fact, the labial is the least stable of the voiceless stops in the languages of the world, as the unconditioned sound change → (→ → Ø ) is quite common in unrelated languages, having occurred in the history of Classical Japanese, Classical Arabic, and Proto-Celtic, for instance.
Proto-Celtic, the latest common ancestor of all known Celtic languages, is considered by some scholars to have been spoken at the time of the late Urnfield or early Hallstatt cultures.
It is the beginning of the Iron Age in Central Europe, with the spread of the Proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture, and the Proto-Celtic language.
The word is a loanword from Scottish Gaelic, deriving from Proto-Celtic * bardos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European * g < sup > w </ sup > rh < sub > 2 </ sub >- dh < sub > 1 </ sub >- ó -, from the root * g < sup > w </ sup > erh < sub > 2 </ sub > " to raise the voice ; praise ".
It is unlikely that either Proto-Celtic or Proto-Germanic entered western Europe as late as the 7th century BC ; their formation was commonly associated with the Bronze Age Urnfield and Nordic Bronze Age cultures, respectively.
Along these lines, the name would mean ‘( the god ) who sings to ( something / someone )’ or ‘( the god ) who binds ( something / someone ) to ( something / someone ).’ However, it is also possible to see the name as an extended form of a variant form of the Proto-Celtic word * abon-‘ river ,’ derived from the Proto-Indo-European root * ab -, * h₂eb-‘ water, river ’.
The Romano-Celtic name for the Humber is documented as having been Abus which suggests that a shorter element * abo-existed in the Proto-Celtic lexicon as a word for ‘ river ’ or ‘ water .’ This * abo-element could have been the source of the Ab -- element in the theonym Abandinus.
The Romano-British form of this Proto-Celtic theonym is likely to have been * Hectolanda ( cf.
The Old Irish name Óengus is attested in Adomnán's Life of St. Columba as Oinogus ( s ) ius, showing that its etymology is from the Proto-Celtic roots * oino-" one " and * guss-" choice ".
* Agronā is the reconstructed Proto-Celtic name for the river Aeron in Wales.
The Romano-British form of this Proto-Celtic theonym is likely to have been * Oebla ( q. v.
The Romano-British form of this Proto-Celtic name is likely to have been * Aedumanda ( q. v.
The root Alisa-of the name Alisanus is phonologically comparable to the Proto-Celtic * alisā, ‘ alder ’.
This theonym is derived from Proto-Celtic * Ambaxtonos meaning great follower, servant or ploughman, an augmentative form of ambactos ( ultimately from * ambhi-ag-to -).
Irish Danu is not identical with Vedic Dānu but rather descends from a Proto-Celtic * Danona, which may contain the suffix-on-also found in other theonyms such as Matrona, Maqonos / Maponos and Catona.
The name Math is thought to derive from the Proto-Celtic * matu-meaning " bear ".
The name Lleu is derived from Proto-Celtic * Lugus, the exact meaning ( and etymology ) of which is still a matter of scholarly debate.
Proto-Celtic and reconstructed
This can be reconstructed in Proto-Celtic as * Moro-rīganī-s.
* Proto-Celtic, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Celtic languages
The reconstructed Proto-Celtic lexica at the universities of Leiden and Wales suggest that this name may be derived from Proto-Celtic * Ad-bej-ānos, literally meaning at-striking-related-one and possibly denoting the concept of harp-strumming.
The University of Wales ' reconstructed Proto-Celtic lexicon gives * Φīwerjon-( nominative singular Φīwerjō ) as the Proto-Celtic etymology of this name.
The name is frequently glossed as ‘ fair shining one ’ or ‘ fair slayer ’ presumably because the first syllable of the name is analogous to the reconstructible Proto-Celtic element * belo-‘ bright .’ This element is reconstructed as * belo-for Proto-Celtic in the Proto-Celtic lexicon.
The reconstructed Proto-Celtic form of the name is * Toranos " thunder ".
The prefix dy-appears in numerous words in Welsh and is reconstructed in Proto-Celtic as * dī-with the meaning of ‘ off, away ’.
The item llanw is reconstructed in Proto-Celtic as * φlanwo-‘ flood, filling .’ This * φlanwo-may plausibly have had a reduced form * φlanu-‘ flood .’ This etymology is echoed in the following Gaelic ( Irish ) words:
Etymological lexical forms reconstructed in the University of Wales ' Proto-Celtic lexicon, suggest that the name is likely to be ultimately derived from the Proto-Celtic * Katu-bodwā, a word that could be interpreted as ‘ battle-fighting ’.
The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestor language of all the known Celtic languages.
Reading the fragmentary name as Ioug [...], Roger Wright proposed the reconstructed form Iouga, which he linked with the Proto-Celtic * jugā meaning ' yoke '.
* For many PIE verbs, various present forms can be reconstructed without discernible differences in meaning ( like and above, both forms have attested reflexes in IE languages: Greek " I shine " and Proto-Celtic " to shine, burn " > Scottish Gaelic " to burn ", respectively ).
Proto-Celtic and its
As part of its lexicon, Proto-Celtic is thought to have had a feminine word * makajā denoting ‘ plain ,’ with a genitive singular * makajās ‘ of the plain ’.
The name crwth is originally a Welsh word, derived from a Proto-Celtic noun * krotto-(" round object ") refers to a swelling or bulging out, of pregnant appearance, or a protuberance, and it is speculated that it came to be used for the instrument because of its bulging shape.
Hallstatt is known for its production of salt, dating back to prehistoric times, and gave its name to the Hallstatt culture, a culture often linked to Celtic, Proto-Celtic and pre-Illyrian peoples in Early Iron Age Europe, c. 800-450 BCE.
The culture is commonly linked to Proto-Celtic and Celtic populations in its western zone and with ( pre -) Illyrians in its eastern zone.
The date of its inception is unknown, but correspondences of Insular Celtic and Continental Celtic calendars suggest that some early form may date to Proto-Celtic times, roughly 800 BCE.
Proto-Celtic and lexicon
* Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
* Proto-Celtic – English lexicon
* Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
* Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
* Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
* Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
* Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
However, a cursory glance at the Proto-Celtic lexicon reveals that * belatu-is reconstructible for Proto-Celtic with the meaning ‘ death ’ and that * kadro-is a reconstructible element meaning ‘ decorated .’ So the name Belatucadros may also be interpreted as a compound of two Gallic words descended from two Proto-Celtic elements * belatu-and * kadro-which together as a compound adjective would literally mean ‘ death-decorated .’ Indeed, this is hardly an original proposal for the meaning of the name of this god associated with Mars: MacCulloch as early as 1911 ( p135 ) glossed this god ’ s name as ‘ comely in slaughter ’.
Linguistic knowledge about regular sound changes in Celtic languages ( McCone, 1996 ) and analysis of the University of Wales ’ Proto-Celtic lexicon and of Julius Pokorny ’ s Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch permit * Deino-kwekwto-‘ swift concoction ’ as a plausible Proto-Celtic reconstruction for this theonym.
* Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
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