Proudhon's conclusion is that " property, to be just and possible, must necessarily have equality for its condition.

" Rand is also disparaged in one of the appendices concerning property, ostensibly written by Hagbard, which serves as an explanation of anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's views on the subject.

Proudhon's followers, the mutualists, opposed Marx's state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings.

Proudhon's followers, the mutualists, opposed Marx's state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings.

Karl Marx, although initially favourable to Proudhon's work, later criticised, among other things, the expression " property is theft " as self-refuting and unnecessarily confusing, writing that "... ' theft ' as a forcible violation of property presupposes the existence of property ..." and condemning Proudhon for entangling himself in " all sorts of fantasies, obscure even to himself, about true bourgeois property.

Max Stirner was highly critical of Proudhon, and in his work, The Ego and Its Own, made the same criticism of Proudhon's expression before Marx, asking " Is the concept ' theft ' at all possible unless one allows validity to the concept ' property '?

Some individualist anarchists, such as Benjamin Tucker, were influenced by Proudhon's Mutualism, but unlike Proudhon, they did not call for " association " in large enterprises.

Benjamin Tucker, being influenced by Warren ( whom he credits as being his " first source of light "), Greene, Heywood, Proudhon's mutualism, and Stirner's egoism, is probably the most famous of the American individualists.

He followed this with The Poverty of Philosophy ( 1847 ), a response to the French anarcho-socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's The Philosophy of Poverty and a critique of French socialist thought in general.

Proudhon, Benjamin Tucker, and others developed these ideas in a free-market direction, while Mikhail Bakunin, Piotr Kropotkin, and others adapted Proudhon's ideas in a more conventionally socialist direction.

: The founders-republicans, federalists, integral nationalists, and syndicalists-having resolved the political problem or dismissed it from their minds, are all enthusiastically in favour of an organisation of French society in accordance with principles taken from the French tradition which they find in Proudhon's works and in the contemporary syndicalist movement, and they are all completely in agreement on the following points:

" Déjacque was also a critic of Proudhon's anti-feminism and mutualism, adopting an anarchist communist position.

One area of disagreement between mutualists and anarchist communists stems from Proudhon's advocacy of money and later labour vouchers to compensate individuals for their labor as well as markets or artificial markets for goods and services.

For example, american mutualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker argued that Cercle Proudhon purposely misrepresented Proudhon's views, " Democracy is an easy mark for this new party, and it finds its chief delight in pounding the philosopher of democracy, Rousseau.

According to James J. Martin, in Men Against the State, Greene did not become a " full-fledged anarchist " until the last decade of his life, but his writings show that he had by 1850 articulated a Christian mutualism, drawing heavily on the writings of Proudhon's sometimes-antagonist Pierre Leroux.

Some, such as Edmund Wilson, have contended that Marx's attack on Proudhon had its origin in the latter's defense of Karl Grün, whom Marx bitterly disliked, but who had been preparing translations of Proudhon's work.

" While Proudhon's early definitions of cost-value were based on fixed assumptions about the value of labor-hours, he later redefined cost-value to include other factors such as the intensity of labor, the nature of the work involved, etc.

Disregarding Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's impassioned attack on communism, they had gradually been won over by the collectivist theories of Karl Marx and the revolutionary theories of Mikhail Bakunin, as set forth at the congresses of the International.

Indeed, the Commune's vision of a communal France based on a federation of delegates bound by imperative mandates issued by their electors and subject to recall at any moment echoes Bakunin's and Proudhon's ideas ( Proudhon, like Bakunin, had argued in favour of the " implementation of the binding mandate " in 1848 ... and for federation of communes ).

While not entirely dissimilar to collectivist anarchism ( as can be seen from James Guillaume's famous work " On Building the New Social Order " within Bakunin on Anarchism, the collectivists did see their economic system evolving into free communism ), Communist Anarchists developed, deepened and enriched Bakunin's work just as Bakunin had developed, deepened and enriched Proudhon's.

Proudhon's entry, titled De la Célébration du dimanche, essentially used the essay subject as a pretext for discussing a variety of political and philosophical ideas, and in it one can find the seeds of his later revolutionary ideas.

Proudhon's ideas were influential within French working class movements, and his followers were active in the Revolution of 1848 in France as well as the Paris Commune of 1871.

" K. Steven Vincent notes in his in-depth analysis of this aspect of Proudhon's ideas that " Proudhon consistently advanced a program of industrial democracy which would return control and direction of the economy to the workers.

Their friendship finally ended when Marx responded to Proudhon's The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty with the provocatively titled The Poverty of Philosophy.

Nevertheless, he was influential among some of the American individualists ; in the 1840s and 1850s, Charles A. Dana, and William B. Greene introduced Proudhon's works to the United States.

Greene adapted Proudhon's mutualism to American conditions and introduced it to Benjamin R. Tucker.

It is Proudhon's philosophy that was explicitly rejected by Joseph Dejacque in the inception of anarchist-communism, with the latter asserting directly to Proudhon in a letter that " it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature.

") Proudhon's Mutualism supports labor-owned cooperative firms and associations for " we need not hesitate, for we have no choice.

Strongly disputing Proudhon's equality-based argument, Bastiat theorizes that, as a result of technological progress and the division of labor, the stock of communal wealth increases over time ; that the hours of work an unskilled laborer expends to buy e. g. 100 liters of wheat decreases over time, thus amounting to " gratis " satisfaction.

Impressed by Proudhon's corrections of one of his Latin manuscripts, Fallot sought out his friendship, and the two were soon regularly spending their evenings together discussing French literature by Montaigne, Rabelais, Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, and many other authors to whom Proudhon had not been exposed during his years of theological readings.

However, this friendship was one of the most important events in Proudhon's life, as it is what motivated him to leave the printing trade, and pursue his studies of philosophy instead.

-- On the basis of a differentiability assumption in function space, it is possible to prove that, for materials having the property that the stress is given by a functional of the history of the deformation gradients, the classical theory of infinitesimal viscoelasticity is valid when the deformation has been infinitesimal for all times in the past.

In number theory, if P ( n ) is a property of positive integers, and if p ( N ) denotes the number of positive integers n less than N for which P ( n ) holds, and if

In number theory, an arithmetic, arithmetical, or number-theoretic function is a real or complex valued function ƒ ( n ) defined on the set of natural numbers ( i. e. positive integers ) that " expresses some arithmetical property of n ."

This property is used in several theorems in complexity theory:

In 1916, Albert Einstein published his theory of general relativity, which provided a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time.

In category theory, currying can be found in the universal property of an exponential object, which gives rise to the following adjunction in cartesian closed categories: There is a natural isomorphism between the morphisms from a binary product and the morphisms to an exponential object.

* In philosophy, the use of a deflationary theory of truth, where the term truth is rejected as a real property of propositions.

An implication of model theory is that the properties defining a relation can be proved independent of each other ( and hence necessary parts of the definition ) if and only if, for each property, examples can be found of relations not satisfying the given property while satisfying all the other properties.

Although it is now recognized that precise determination of cohesion is impossible because is not a fundamental soil property, the Mohr-Coulomb theory is still used in practice today.

For example, at very high temperature and high pressure, unless there are sufficiently many flavors of quarks, the theory of quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) predicts that quarks and gluons will no longer be confined within hadrons < i > because the strength of the strong interaction diminishes with energy .</ i > This property, which is known as asymptotic freedom, has been experimentally confirmed in the energy range between 1 GeV ( gigaelectronvolt ) and 1 TeV ( teraelectronvolt ).

In category theory, an isomorphism is a morphism in a category for which there exists an " inverse " with the property that both and

The concept of idempotence arises in a number of places in abstract algebra ( in particular, in the theory of projectors and closure operators ) and functional programming ( in which it is connected to the property of referential transparency ).

However, the theory has been traced back to Treatise of Taxes, written in 1662 by Sir William Petty and to John Locke's notion, set out in the Second Treatise on Government ( 1689 ), that property derives from labor through the act of " mixing " one's labor with items in the common store of goods, though this has alternatively been seen as a labor theory of property.

Chapters 4, 5, and 13 critiques of LTV in favor of the labor theory of property.

Anarchist communism ( also known as anarcho-communism and occasionally as free communism or libertarian communism ) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism and private property ( while retaining respect for personal property ), and in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers ' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ".

A number with this property would encode a proof of the inconsistency of the theory.

Anarchist communism ( also known as anarcho-communism and occasionally as free communism ) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, markets, money, capitalism and private property ( while retaining respect for personal property ), in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers ' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ".

In set theory and logic, a relation is a property that assigns truth values to k-tuples of individuals.

In number theory, a multiplicative function is an arithmetic function f ( n ) of the positive integer n with the property that f ( 1 ) = 1 and whenever