Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy are recommended as a first-line therapy for panic disorder ; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies.

CBT and BT are effective in altering mood outcomes, and there is some evidence that these changes are maintained at six months ;" and a review of RCTs of psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents, by the same authors, found " Psychological treatments are effective in pain control for children with headache and benefits appear to be maintained.

resulted in the development of Improving Access to Psychological Therapies ( IAPT ), an initiative to improve access to psychological therapies in the United Kingdom.

Psychological coercion – along with the other varieties-was extensively and systematically used by the government of the People ’ s Republic of China during the “ Thought Reform ” campaign of 1951-1952.

The consensus, however, in position statements from the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association and other institutions in many other countries, is that the research and clinical literature demonstrate that homosexuality is a normal and positive variation of human sexuality, and that any social exclusion or difficulties with homosexuality are a problem of society.

Thirteen other American Psychological Association divisions have endorsed the petition.

These theories, championed by the likes of Noam Chomsky and others, include innatism and Psychological nativism, in which a child is born prepared in some manner with these capacities, as opposed to other theories in which language is simply learned as other cognitive skills, including such mundane motor skills as learning to ride a bike.

In 2006, Focus on the Family and several other organizations announced that they would protest the American Psychological Association's convention in New Orleans.

Psychological symbiosis, on the other hand, is a less well established concept.

* Psychological factors in International Relations-Evaluating psychological factors in international relations comes from the understanding that a state is not a ' black box ' as proposed by Realism, and that there may be other influences on foreign policy decisions.

Irving went on to call the Auschwitz death camp a " tourist attraction " whose origins Irving claimed went back to an " ingenious plan " devised by the British Psychological Warfare Executive in 1942 to spread anti-German propaganda that it was the policy of the German state to be " using ' gas chambers ' to kill millions of Jews and other undesirables ".

The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford, Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association ( ASA ), American Psychological Association ( APA ), and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers.

Working on one ’ s personal leadership has three aspects: ( 1 ) Technical knowhow and skill ( 2 ) Developing the right attitude toward other people – which is the basis of servant leadership ( 3 ) Psychological self-mastery – the foundation for authentic leadership.

Psychological warfare ( PSYWAR ), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations ( PSYOP ), have been known by many other names or terms, including Psy Ops, Political Warfare, “ Hearts and Minds ”, and Propaganda.

Psychological studies by the United States Army have indicated that the willingness to fight is more heavily influenced by the desire to avoid failing to support other members of the fireteam than by abstract concepts.

He has proved it again and again in the other novels and short stories, all of them floored and walled in what Clifton Fadiman decided to call " Psychological acumen ".

In a statement issued jointly with other major American medical organizations, the American Psychological Association states that " different people realize at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual ".

The American Psychological Association reported that some ex-gay groups may help counteract and buffer minority stress, marginalization, and isolation in ways similar to other support groups, such as offering social support, fellowship, role models, and new ways to view a problem through unique philosophies or ideologies.

Psychological projection or projection bias is a psychological defense mechanism where a person subconsciously denies his or her own attributes, thoughts, and emotions, which are then ascribed to the outside world, usually to other people.

: Psychological: Formed to handle extremist groups, riots, negotiation challenges, and other serious problems caused by stress.

Psychological considerations include the fact that elderly persons ( in particular, those experiencing substantial memory loss or other types of cognitive impairment ) are unlikely to be able to adequately monitor and adhere to their own scheduled pharmacological administration.

In February 2006 the American Psychological Association Council of Representatives adopted a statement recommending that this change also be made to the licensing requirements of other states since the nature of training has changed dramatically in the last 50 years.

Psychological societies and associations in other English-speaking countries developed similar divisions, including in Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Both models are accredited by the American Psychological Association and many other English-speaking psychological societies.

He became a charter member of the American Psychological Association, translated Külpe's Outlines of Psychology and other works, became the American editor of Mind in 1894, and associate editor of the American Journal of Psychology in 1895, and wrote several books.

# Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of self.

# Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of significant sensory and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self structure.

The American Psychological Association passed a resolution in 1950 calling " attention to the fact that these claims are not supported by empirical evidence of the sort required for the establishment of scientific generalizations.

* Psychological egoism, the doctrine that holds that individuals are always motivated by self-interest

" Psychological reversals are common and sometimes happen so suddenly that inconsistency in characterization is an issue for many critics, such as Aristotle, who cited Iphigenia in Aulis as an example ( Poetics 1454a32 ).

Psychological complications are related to cultural context ; damage may occur to women who undergo FGM particularly when they are moving outside their traditional circles and are confronted with a view that mutilation is not the norm.

According to the American Psychological Association ( APA ), there are numerous theories about the origins of a person's sexual orientation, but some believe that " sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors ," and that genetic factors play a " significant role " in determining a person's sexuality.

The American Psychological Association's 1995 report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns stated that the correlations for most " negative outcome " variables are typically smaller than 0. 20, which means that the explained variance is less than 4 %.

The 1996 Task Force investigation on Intelligence sponsored by the American Psychological Association concluded that there are significant variations in IQ across races.

The American Psychological Association's report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns stated that in the United States IQ tests as predictors of social achievement are not biased against African Americans since they predict future performance, such as school achievement, similarly to the way they predict future performance for Caucasians.

In 2006, the American Psychological Association ( APA ) recommended that the education and training of medical psychologists, who are specifically pursuing one of several prerequisites for prescribing medication, integrate instruction in the biological sciences, clinical medicine and pharmacology into a formalized program of postdoctoral education.

Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest, even in what seem to be acts of altruism.

Psychological egoism asserts that all such desires are ultimately derived from self-interest.

Psychological egoism may seem at first obviously false, because there are many acts that appear to be altruistic which are common and well known, such as self-sacrifice and gratuitous help.

Psychological egoists could claim that such actions which do not ' directly ' result in positivity, or reward, are not dissimilar from the actions of the dog.

Among these are the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at the University of Edinburgh ; the Parapsychology Research Group at Liverpool Hope University ( this closed in April 2011 ); the SOPHIA Project at the University of Arizona ; the Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology Research Unit of Liverpool John Moores University ; the Center for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes at the University of Northampton ; and the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London.

Anecdotal claims of cures are counterbalanced by assertions of harm, and the American Psychological Association, for example, cautions ethical practitioners under the Hippocratic oath to do no harm to refrain from attempts at conversion therapy.

The American Psychological Association's code of conduct states: " Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination ," but also: " Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making.

The American Psychological Association has said that while there are differences in average IQ between racial groups, and there is no conclusive evidence for environmental explanations, " there is certainly no empirical support for a genetic interpretation ," and no adequate explanation for the racial IQ gap is presently available.