That such deficiencies existed within Ptolemy's theory was not discovered de novo by Copernicus.

Ptolemy's view of Germans in the region indicates that the tribal structure had lost its grip in the Black Forest region and was replaced by a canton structure.

Ptolemy's catalogue is informed by Eudoxus of Cnidus, a Greek astronomer of the 4th century BC who introduced earlier Babylonian astronomy to the Hellenistic culture.

Reconstruction of Ptolemy | Ptolemy's map ( 2nd century AD ) of Aria ( satrapy ) | Aria ( Herāt ) and neighbouring states by the 15th century German people | German cartographer Nicolaus Germanus

1561 map of West Africa by Girolamo Ruscelli, from Italian translation of Ptolemy's Atlas “ La Geograpfia Di Claudio Tolomeo Alessandrino, Nouvamente Tradatta Di Greco in Italiano ”.

( not the Canary Islands, as long accepted ) as suggested by the location of the six dots labelled the " FORTUNATA " islands near the left extreme of the blue sea of Ptolemy's map here reproduced.

The maps in surviving manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geographia, however, date only from about 1300, after the text was rediscovered by Maximus Planudes.

In the 15th century Ptolemy's Geographia began to be printed with engraved maps ; the earliest printed edition with engraved maps was produced in Bologna in 1477, followed quickly by a Roman edition in 1478 ( Campbell, 1987 ).

If they both used the Attic stadion of about 185 meters, then the older estimate is 1 / 6 too large, and Ptolemy's value is 1 / 6 too small, a difference explained as due to ancient scientists ' use of simple methods of measuring the earth, which were corrupted either high or low by a factor of 5 / 6, due to air's bending of horizontal light rays by 1 / 6 of the Earth's curvature.

( Ptolemy's own latitude was in error by 14 '.

* Ptolemy's Canon – a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers.

* Ptolemy's theorem – mathematical theorem described by Ptolemaeus

* Ptolemy's world map – map of the ancient world as described by Ptolemaeus.

( The most recent edition of the Greek text of Ptolemy's astrological work, based on earlier editions by F. Boll and E.

* Ptolemy's Almagest, Translated and annotated by G. J. Toomer.

The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign ( equated with 197 / 196 BC ), and it is confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that same year: Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself ; his three colleagues, named in turn in the inscription, led the worship of Berenice Euergetis ( wife of Ptolemy III ), Arsinoe Philadelpha ( wife and sister of Ptolemy II ) and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation.

Ptolemy's catalogue was based almost entirely on an earlier one by Hipparchus ( Newton 1977 ; Rawlins 1982 ).

Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy's canal, Cleopatra seems to have had no west-east waterway passage, because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile River, which had fed Ptolemy's west-east canal, had by that time dwindled, being choked with silt.

Ptolemy's Tócharoi are often associated by modern scholars with the Yuezhi of Chinese historical accounts, who founded the Kushan empire.

In the third phase of the former Portuguese nautical cartography, characterized by the abandonment of the influence of Ptolemy's representation of the East and more accuracy in the representation of lands and continents, stands out Fernão Vaz Dourado ( Goa ~ 1520-~ 1580 ), whose work has extraordinary quality and beauty, giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time.

Ptolemy's maps, which became well known in Europe during the Renaissance, did not actually depict such a continent, but they did show an Africa which had no southern oceanic boundary ( and which therefore might extend all the way to the South Pole ), and also raised the possibility that the Indian Ocean was entirely enclosed by land.

* 1150s – Gerard of Cremona translates Ptolemy's Almagest from Arabic into Latin, eventually leading to its adoption by the Catholic Church as an approved text.

* The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III.

This is taken to demonstrate Ptolemy's view that astronomy and astrology are complementary studies, so that whilst astrology is less self-sufficient and factual, its employment makes the practice of astronomy more useful.

He nurses him back to health whilst sharing with him the magical teachings from ancient manuscripts that escaped the " burning of Ptolemy's library ".

Laplace's theory of celestial mechanics reduces to Kepler's when interplanetary interactions are ignored, and Kepler's reproduces Ptolemy's equant in a coordinate system where the Earth is stationary.

In the early 11th century CE, Ibn al-Haytham presented a development of Ptolemy's geocentric epicyclic models in terms of nested celestial spheres.

The modern almanac differs from Babylonian, Ptolemaic and Zij tables in the sense that " the entries found in the almanacs give directly the positions of the celestial bodies and need no further computation ", in contrast to the more common " auxiliary astronomical tables " based on Ptolemy's Almagest.

An introduction to Ptolemy's Almagest, the Tashil al-Majisti, believed to be written by Thābit ibn Qurra, presented minor variations of Ptolemy's distances to the celestial spheres.

His textbook Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm ( A Compendium of the Science of the Stars ) or Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions, written about 833, was a competent descriptive summary of Ptolemy's Almagest, while using the findings and revised values of earlier Islamic astronomers.

Historian Nicholas Campion has discussed the roots of the notion that celestial and psychological realms are connected, which can be traced to the sixth century BC, and in Ptolemy's case presents a mixture of Aristotelian and Stoic philosophy, resting on the Platonic view that " the soul comes from the heavens " which explains " how human character comes to be determined by the heavens ".

Ptolemy's geocentric celestial spheres ; Peter Apian's Cosmographia ( 1539 )

He continued to believe in the celestial spheres and could provide little in the way of direct observational evidence that his theory was superior to Ptolemy's.

Ptolemy's Almagest was an authoritative text on astronomy for more than a thousand years, and the Tetrabiblos, its companion volume, was equally influential in astrology, the study of the effects of astronomical cycles on earthly matters.

Ptolemy's theme throughout the book is that charts of this nature cannot be judged in isolation, but are to be understood within the pattern of cycles to which they belong, and where there are strong connections between the degree points involved ; for:

In any case the population of the region must belong to Ptolemy's Tarabeni or Titiani people, neither of which are ever heard about again.

The first mention of any tribes is in Ptolemy's description of European Sarmatia, where the main Prussian tribes are mentioned for the first time.

Beyond his being considered a member of Alexandria's Greek society, few details of Ptolemy's life are known for certain.

The star lists in the Astronomia are in exactly the same order as in Ptolemy's Almagest reinforcing the idea of a 2nd century compilation.

Hipparchus wrote about trigonometry, but because his works are no longer extant, mathematicians use Ptolemy's book as their source for Hipparchus ' works and ancient Greek trigonometry in general.

The stellar positions too are of Hipparchan origin, despite Ptolemy's claim to the contrary.

An example of how theories are models can be seen from Ptolemy's theory on the planetary system.

The Iceni are recorded as a civitas of Roman Britain in Ptolemy's Geographia, which names Venta Icenorum as a town of theirs.

The Biessi inhabited the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, which on Ptolemy's map are located on the headwaters of the Dnister and Sian Rivers, the right-bank Carpathian tributary of the Vistula river.

However, four davas are located beyond the Siret, Ptolemy's eastern border.

In the case of Ptolemy's Dacia, most of the tribal names are similar to those on the list of civitates, with few exceptions. Georgiev counts the Triballi, the Moesians and the Dardanians as Daco-Moesians.

Human occupation on Berlenga Grande ( the only habitable island ) dates back to antiquity: the islands are referred to in Ptolemy's Geography as Λονδοβρίς ( Londobris ).

They are not mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography or in any other classical text, and are known only from inscriptions found in Penrith and Temple Sowerby in Cumbria.

Medieval world maps which share some characteristics of traditional mappae mundi but contain elements from other sources, including Portolan charts and Ptolemy's Geography are sometimes considered a fifth type, called " transitional mappae mundi ".

Pappus also wrote commentaries on Euclid's Elements ( of which fragments are preserved in Proclus and the Scholia, while that on the tenth Book has been found in an Arabic manuscript ), and on Ptolemy's Ἁρμονικά ( Harmonika ).

They are also referred to in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia, situated between the Tungri and the Nervii.

They are mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia, as being west of the Silures.

* Some early texts of Ptolemy's Geographia call the settlement in question Ebdana ( the Greek uppercase letters lambda and delta are similar and easily confused: Λ and Δ ).

The Brigantes are attested in Ireland as well as Britain in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia, but it is not clear what link, if any, existed between the Irish and the British Brigantes.

Both Pliny and Ptolemy's Geography are unclear concerning the exact position of the Tungri but are understood as placing them east of the Scheldt, and to the north of the Arduenna Silva ( Forest of Ardennes ), along the middle and lower valley of the Mosa ( Meuse River ).

The Screrefennae are believed to mean the " skiing Finns " and are generally identified with Ptolemy's northern Phinnoi and today's Sami, as there is evidence of Sami skis from 2000 BC onwards.