The maps in surviving manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geographia, however, date only from about 1300, after the text was rediscovered by Maximus Planudes.

In the 15th century Ptolemy's Geographia began to be printed with engraved maps ; the earliest printed edition with engraved maps was produced in Bologna in 1477, followed quickly by a Roman edition in 1478 ( Campbell, 1987 ).

The maps look distorted as compared to modern maps, because Ptolemy's data were inaccurate.

Ptolemy's maps, which became well known in Europe during the Renaissance, did not actually depict such a continent, but they did show an Africa which had no southern oceanic boundary ( and which therefore might extend all the way to the South Pole ), and also raised the possibility that the Indian Ocean was entirely enclosed by land.

Medieval world maps which share some characteristics of traditional mappae mundi but contain elements from other sources, including Portolan charts and Ptolemy's Geography are sometimes considered a fifth type, called " transitional mappae mundi ".

Feronia is the name of a mysterious ancient site ( now disappeared ) near the town of Posada ( Sardinia, Italy ), which was in Ptolemy's maps and following until the Middle Ages.

Although authentic maps have never been found, the Geographia contains thousands of references to various parts of the old world, with coordinates for most, which allowed cartographers to reconstruct Ptolemy's world view when the manuscript was re-discovered around 1300 CE.

Ringmann corrected the texts of the Latin editions of Ptolemy's geography published previously at Rome and Ulm, using a Greek manuscript borrowed from Italy ( Codex Vaticanum Graecorum 191 ) while Waldseemüller edited the Ptolemaic maps and added twenty new ones.

Some manuscripts of the Geography of Ptolemy contain twenty-seven maps, which are stated to have been drawn by Agathodaemon, who " delineated the whole world according to the eight books of Ptolemy's geography.

Ptolemy's two maps of Germany portrayed Germania Inferior on the left bank of the Rhine, which was populated by Germanics, including those who had occupied the region before the Romans, and Magna Germania on the other side of the river, which acted as the Roman frontier.

China on medieval copies of maps of Ancient Roman times such as Ptolemy's world map

The book does not reflect a strong influence from Greek earlier works such as Ptolemy's.

His tabulated results have been studied for the air water interface, and in general the values he obtained reflect the theoretical refraction given by modern theory, but the outliers are distorted to represent Ptolemy's a priori model of the nature of refraction.

Although Abu Ma ' shar al-Balkhi | Abu Ma ' shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the Ptolemaic dynasty | Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of Alexander the Great | Alexander the title ‘ King Ptolemy ’ is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science.

Using data he collected from his own observations Gersonides ' refuted Ptolemy's model in what the notable physicist Yuval Ne ' eman has considered as " one of the most important insights in the history of science, generally missed in telling the story of the transition from epicyclic corrections to the geocentric model to Copernicus ' heliocentric model ".

Ptolemy's World Map The Greco-Roman astronomer and geographer, Claudius Ptolemaeus, generally known as Ptolemy ( c. 90 – c. 168 ), describes in chapter 2 of his Geographa entitled Albion Island of Britannia the mouth of the River Lossie as ostium Loxa Fluvius.

The Screrefennae are believed to mean the " skiing Finns " and are generally identified with Ptolemy's northern Phinnoi and today's Sami, as there is evidence of Sami skis from 2000 BC onwards.

More generally, if the quadrilateral is a rectangle with sides a and b and diagonal d then Ptolemy's theorem reduces to the Pythagorean theorem.

Ptolemy's Ourchinion is further north than Ajaccio and does not have the same name.

The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign ( equated with 197 / 196 BC ), and it is confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that same year: Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself ; his three colleagues, named in turn in the inscription, led the worship of Berenice Euergetis ( wife of Ptolemy III ), Arsinoe Philadelpha ( wife and sister of Ptolemy II ) and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation.

Moreover, he found that Ptolemy's predictions for Jupiter at the same time were quite accurate.

The star lists in the Astronomia are in exactly the same order as in Ptolemy's Almagest reinforcing the idea of a 2nd century compilation.

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy's Almagest had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century.

In antiquity they were known as the Pityusa islands, listed in Claudius Ptolemy's Geography, under the names Ophiusis and Ebyssus, which had a town of the same name.

Strabo's statement that the Moesian people spoke the same language as the Dacians and Getae is confirmed by the distribution of placenames, attested in Ptolemy's Geographia, which carry the Dacian suffix-dava (" town " or " fort ").

Another theory is that Tacitus ' Fenni and Ptolemy's northern Phinnoi were the same people and constituted the original Sami people of northern Fennoscandia, making Tacitus ' description the first historical record of them.

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy's Almagest had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century.

During the Renaissance, the work was attributed to the Roman historian Gaius Julius Hyginus who lived during the 1st century BC However, the fact that the book lists most of the constellations north of the ecliptic in the same order as Ptolemy's Almagest ( written in the 2nd century AD ) has led many to believe that a more recent Hyginus created the text.

Equally, Ptolemy's narrative was drawn upon by later philosophers and astronomers, such as Johannes Kepler who used similar examples and the same order of arguments to explain the physical foundation of some astrological claims.

The name Osraige is said to be from the Usdaie, a tribe that Ptolemy's map of Ireland places in roughly the same area that Osraige would later occupy.

They are probably the same as Ptolemy's Doulgoumnioi of the same region ( Book 2, Chapter 10 ), as Ptolemy corrupts the names of the other tribes, but identifiably so.

Ptolemy's view of Germans in the region indicates that the tribal structure had lost its grip in the Black Forest region and was replaced by a canton structure.

Islay is Ptolemy's Epidion, the use of the " p " hinting at a Brythonic or Pictish tribal name, although the root is not Gaelic and of unknown origin.

In the case of Ptolemy's Dacia, most of the tribal names are similar to those on the list of civitates, with few exceptions. Georgiev counts the Triballi, the Moesians and the Dardanians as Daco-Moesians.

As well as Isca Dumnoniorum, Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography names three other towns:

In 1802, Silvestre de Sacy reported to Chaptal that he had successfully identified five names (" Alexandros ", " Alexandreia ", " Ptolemaios ", " Arsinoe " and Ptolemy's title " Epiphanes "), while Åkerblad published an alphabet of 29 letters ( more than half of which were correct ) that he had identified from the Greek names in the demotic text.

The Iceni are recorded as a civitas of Roman Britain in Ptolemy's Geographia, which names Venta Icenorum as a town of theirs.

Galloway: modern names of landmarks on Ptolemy's map.

Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography refers to the " Atribati " living on the coast of Belgic Gaul, near the river Sequana ( Seine ), and names Metacum as a town of theirs.

Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography names two of their towns: Deva Victrix ( Chester ), and Viroconium Cornoviorum ( Wroxeter ), which became their capital under Roman rule.

In his description of the island of Scandza ( Scandinavia ), he mentions three groups with names similar to Ptolemy's Phinnoi, the Screrefennae, Finnaithae and mitissimi Finni (" softest Finns ").

It is uncertain what Ptolemy's names correspond to in the modern world, and a vast amount of scholarship has gone into trying to link Ptolemaic descriptions to known locations.

All city names are Ptolemy's, throughout all his works.

The forms Argidava and Arcidava found in other ancient sources like Ptolemy's Geographia ( c. 150 AD ) and Tabula Peutingeriana ( 2nd century AD ), clearly place a Dacian town with those names at this geographical location.

Ptolemy's view of the north is so distorted that his names require some decoding to locate them, nor can that be done with very great certainty.

It has been fashionable in the earlier 20th century to regard Ptolemy's names more as distortions and to try to correct them.

Ptolemy's latitudes, longitudes and landforms are often distorted, due to the lack of scientific geography of the times, but his names are not necessarily so.