* 1149 – Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.

* Cleopatra Selene I ( c. 135 – 130 BC ), daughter of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII Physcon

It shows Ptolemy and his wife or sister Arsinoe III standing beside a seated poet, flanked by figures from the Odyssey and Iliad, with the nine Muses standing above them and a procession of worshippers approaching an altar, believed to represent the Alexandrine Homereion.

The Decree of Canopus, which was issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III, Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BC, decreed a solar leap day system ; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus successfully instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar.

* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.

By decree of Ptolemy III Euergetes, all visitors to the city were required to surrender all books and scrolls, as well as any form of written media in any language in their possession which, according to Galen, were listed under the heading " books of the ships ".

According to Galen, Ptolemy III requested permission from the Athenians to borrow the original scripts of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, for which the Athenians demanded the enormous amount of fifteen talents ( 450 kg of a precious metal ) as guarantee.

The slightly earlier decree of Canopus, erected in 238 BC during the reign of Ptolemy III, is high and wide, and contains 36 lines of hieroglyphic text, 73 of demotic text, and 74 of Greek.

The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign ( equated with 197 / 196 BC ), and it is confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that same year: Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself ; his three colleagues, named in turn in the inscription, led the worship of Berenice Euergetis ( wife of Ptolemy III ), Arsinoe Philadelpha ( wife and sister of Ptolemy II ) and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation.

Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the Third Syrian War against Ptolemy III of Egypt and then had to fight a civil war against his own brother Antiochus Hierax.

** Ptolemy III Euergetes I ( 246 BC – 222 BC ) and his wife Berenice II

** Ptolemy IV Philopater ( 222 BC – 204 BC ) and his wife Arsinoe III

* Stone of Canopus ( for Ptolemy III ), No. 1, in Rosetta Stone Series of 3 stones.

** Ptolemy III, King of Egypt, who has reunited Egypt and Cyrenaica and successfully waged the Third Syrian War against the Seleucid kingdom

** Berenice II, queen of Egypt, daughter of Magas, King of Cyrenaica ( in modern Libya ), whose marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes has reunited her country with Egypt ( b. c. 267 BC )

* Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II.

* Negotiations between the new Egyptian King Ptolemy IV and the Seleucid King Antiochus III collapse, and Antiochus III renews his advance, overrunning Ptolemy's forward defences.

* The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed.

* Cleopatra III of Egypt assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander I ( b. 161 BC )

** Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt, sister and wife of the King Ptolemy IV ( assassinated ) ( b. c. 246 BC )

* 182 BC – Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt ( d. 116 BC )

* Berenice II, queen of Egypt, daughter of Magas, King of Cyrenaica ( in modern Libya ), whose marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes has reunited her country with Egypt ( b. c. 267 BC )

Euergetes (" Benefactor ") was the eldest son of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his first wife, Arsinoe I, and came to power in 246 BC upon the death of his father.

Ptolemy III Euergetes was responsible for the first known example of a series of decrees published as bilingual inscriptions on massive stone blocks in three writing systems.

* The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force.

* Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes ' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.

However, the Romans intervene and decide to partition the Ptolemaic realm, ordering Ptolemy VIII Euergetes into Cyrenaica and giving Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt.

* The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.

* The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.

* With Antiochus IV now absent from the country, the citizens of Alexandria choose Ptolemy VI's brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II as their king.

The Ptolemaic dynasty, (, sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagides,, from the name of Ptolemy I's father, Lagus ) was a Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

The Hellenistic astronomers Hipparchus ( c. 150 BC ) and Ptolemy ( c. AD 150 ) subdivided the day sexagesimally and also used a mean hour, simple fractions of an hour (,, etc.

He further connected this toxrï with the ethnonym Tócharoi (, Ptolemy VI, 11, 6, 2nd cent.

Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (, Ptolemaios IEʹ Philopatōr Philomētōr Kaisar ; ; June 23, 47 BC – August 23, 30 BC ), better known by the nicknames Caesarion (;, Kaisariōn, literally " little Caesar "; ) and Ptolemy Caesar (;, Ptolemaios Kaisar ; ), was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, who reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC.

Ptolemy Philadelphus (, " Ptolemy the brother-loving ", August / September 36 BC – 29 BC ) was a Ptolemaic prince and was the youngest and fourth child of Greek Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and her third with Roman Triumvir Mark Antony.

Ptolemy I Soter I (, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr, i. e. Ptolemy ( pronounced ) the Savior ), also known as Ptolemy Lagides, c. 367 BC – c. 283 BC, was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Egypt ( 323 BC – 283 BC ) and founder of both the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes (, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs, reigned 204 – 181 BC ), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III of Egypt, was the fifth ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (, Ptolemaĩos Néos Philopátōr ) was an Egyptian king of the Ptolemaic period.

Being called Buto by the Greeks during Ptolemaic Egypt, a Greek dynasty ruling from 305 to 30 BC, it was the capital town, or according to Herodian, merely the principal village of the Nile Delta, which Herodotus ( l. c .) calls the Chemmite nome ; Ptolemy, the Phthenothite nome (, iv.

Müller called the languages " Tocharian " ( German Tocharisch ), linking this toxrï with the ethnonym Tókharoi (, Ptolemy VI, 11, 6, 2nd cent.

Calisia (, ) was a " station " on so-called " Amber Road ", mentioned by Ptolemy, formerly universally identified with Kalisz in Poland.

Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Theos Philadelphos ( 117 – 51 BC ;, spoken Ptolemaios Néos Diónusos Theós Philopátōr Theós Philádelphos ≈ New Dionysus, God Beloved of his Father, God Beloved of his Brother ), more commonly known as " Auletes " (, Aulētḗs = the Flutist ) or " Nothos " (, Nóthos = the Bastard ), was an Egyptian king of Macedonian descent.

Ptolemy Apion or simply known as Apion (, between 150 BC & 145 BC-96 BC ) was the last Greek Cyrenaean King and was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemy XIV (, Ptolemaĩos, who lived 60 BC / 59 BC – 44 BC and reigned 47 BC – 44 BC ), was a son of Ptolemy XII of Egypt and one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs ) ( c. 182 BC – June 26, 116 BC ), nicknamed, Phúskōn, Physcon (" Sausage ", " Potbelly " or " Bladder ") for his obesity, was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.

Ptolemy IX Soter II or Lathyros (" grass pea ") (, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr Láthuros ) was king of Egypt three times, from 116 BC to 110 BC, 109 BC to 107 BC and 88 BC to 81 BC, with intervening periods ruled by his brother, Ptolemy X Alexander.