Pufendorf, on the contrary, rejected all idea of foreign intervention, and advocated that of national initiative.

Later he wrote also about natural and international law, possibly at the prompting of an older professor who likened him to natural and international law authors such as Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf.

In his extensive work Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore ( reprinted, London, 1679 ) he is to some extent the precursor of Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, in making an important distinction between natural law and international law, which he saw as based on custom.

Vattel was one of a number of 18th century European scholars who wrote on international law and were " well known in America " at the time, including Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Cornelius van Bynkershoek, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, Thomas Rutherforth, and Wolff.

Natural law theories have, however, exercised a profound influence on the development of English common law, and have featured greatly in the philosophies of Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, and Emmerich de Vattel.

Historian Knud Haakonssen has noted that in the eighteenth century, Cumberland was commonly placed alongside Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf " in the triumvirate of seventeenth-century founders of the ' modern ' school of natural law.

Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights ; Hobbes asserted that men consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government ( whether monarchial or parliamentary ); Pufendorf disputed Hobbes's equation of a state of nature with war ; Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority ; and Rousseau believed that democracy ( self-rule ) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law.

Through his father's lectures, Christian came under the influence of the political philosophy of Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, and continued the study of law at Frankfurt an der Oder in 1675, completing his doctorate in 1679.

He expressed his pedagogical principles in two main Latin works, Institutiones iurisprudentiae divinae ( Institutes of Divine Jurisprudence, 1688 ), based on a lecture on Pufendorf ’ s natural law, and Fundamenta juris naturae et gentium ( Foundations of the Law of Nature and Nations, 1705 ).

The narrow and dogmatic teaching was repugnant to Pufendorf, and he soon abandoned it for the study of public law.

The work was dedicated to Charles Louis, elector palatine, who created for Pufendorf a new chair at the University of Heidelberg, that of the law of nature and nations.

When Pufendorf went on to criticise a new tax on official documents, he did not get the chair of law and had to leave Heidelberg in 1668.

As regards public law Pufendorf, while recognizing in the state ( civitas ) a moral person ( persona moralis ), teaches that the will of the state is but the sum of the individual wills that constitute it, and that this association explains the state.

Locke, Rousseau, and Diderot all recommended his inclusion in law curricula, and Pufendorf greatly influenced Blackstone and Montesquieu.

The conservative and timid Leibniz was beaten on the battlefield of politics and public law, and the aggressive spirit of Pufendorf further aggravated the dispute, and so widened the division.

Modern natural law theory saw Grotius and Leibniz also putting morality prior to God's will, comparing moral truths to unchangeable mathematical truths, and engaging voluntarists like Pufendorf in philosophical controversy.

Pufendorf is seen as an important precursor of Enlightenment in Germany.

Much of the responsibility for this may be attributed to Pufendorf's feuds with Leibniz, since they were often intellectual adversaries ; indeed, Leibniz once dismissed Pufendorf as " vir parum jurisconsultus et minime philosophus " ( roughly: " He is not much of a lawyer, and least of all a philosopher ").

It is a less theoretical work than the writings of Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf and other comparable thinkers, and as much a work of advocacy as of theory.

In 1699 he succeeded Samuel Pufendorf as historiographer to the elector, and the same year replaced his uncle Joseph Ancillon as judge of all the French refugees in the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

* 1632 – Samuel Pufendorf, German jurist ( d. 1694 )

Some notable professors in the early days were Samuel Pufendorf, a juridical historian ; and Canutus Hahn and Kristian Papke in philosophy.

* January 8 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist ( d. 1694 )

* October 15 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist ( b. 1632 )

Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes ( 1651 ), Samuel Pufendorf ( 1673 ), John Locke ( 1689 ), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1762 ) are among the most prominent of seventeenth-and eighteenth-century theorists of social contract and natural rights.

* Pufendorf, Samuel, James Tully and Michael Silverthorne.

Pufendorf: On the Duty of Man and Citizen according to Natural Law.

In the fundamental principles, he follows almost entirely John Locke and Pufendorf ; but he works out with great skill the theory of moral obligation, referring it to the command or will of God.

Samuel von Pufendorf.

Baron Samuel von Pufendorf ( January 8, 1632 – October 13, 1694 ) was a German jurist, political philosopher, economist, statesman, and historian.

His name was just Samuel Pufendorf until he was ennobled in 1684 ; he was made a Freiherr ( baron ) a few months before his death in 1694.

His father Elias Pufendorf from Glauchau was a Lutheran pastor, and Samuel Pufendorf himself was destined for the ministry.

Leaving Leipzig altogether, Pufendorf relocated to University of Jena, where he formed an intimate friendship with Erhard Weigel, the mathematician, whose influence helped to develop his remarkable independence of character.

Pufendorf left Jena in 1658 as Magister and became a tutor in the family of Petrus Julius Coyet, one of the resident ministers of King Charles X of Sweden, at Copenhagen with the help of his brother Esaias, a diplomat in the Swedish service.

Pufendorf shared this misfortune, and was held in captivity for eight months.

Pufendorf married Katharina Elisabeth von Palthen, the widow of a colleague in 1665.

But Stella defends her marriage, as she is powerfully attracted to Stanley in spite ( and even, it is implied, because ) of his violent nature.

" The College Music Journals Amy Wan called the album a " showcase for Elmore's powerfully biting lyrics and her passionate voice, dancing deftly between little-girl sweet and outright roar ," and The Village Voice gave the album an A -, with famed music journalist Robert Christgau praising the debut, saying that " Elmore left a great band to go to law school.

The smell is sexual, but so powerfully so that a civilized nose must deny it.

It is my studied conviction that no nation will ever risk general war against us unless we should become so foolish as to neglect the defense forces we now so powerfully support.

It is summarized by Guderian as “ Klotzen, nicht kleckern !” ( literally " boulders, not blots " and means " act powerfully, not superficially ").

The Trojan Women for example is a powerfully disturbing play on the theme of war's horrors, apparently critical of Athenian imperialism ( it was composed in the aftermath of the Melian massacre and during the preparations for the Sicilian Expedition ) yet it features the comic exchange between Menelaus and Hecuba quoted above and the chorus considers Athens, the " blessed land of Theus ", to be a desirable refugesuch complexity and ambiguity are typical both of his ' patriotic ' and ' anti-war ' plays.

That is why the Finnish working man and woman identified themselves powerfully to the state.

The body is hollow and when a taut string is plucked, the body resonates, projecting sound both inward towards the harp player through a series of usually oval openings ( whose principal purpose is to allow access to the strings and only secondarily to enhance resonance ) and, much more importantly and powerfully, outward through the flexible and taut-strung sounding board.

Haggis-maker MacSween conducted a taste-test which indicated that whisky is a proper accompaniment, and adds that lighter-bodied, tannic red wines, such as those made from the Barbera grape, are also suitable, as are strong, powerfully flavoured Belgian beers, such as Duvel and Chimay Blue.

Wheel-to-wheel contact is dangerous, particularly when the forward edge of one tire contacts the rear of another tire: since the treads are moving in opposite directions ( one upward, one downward ) at the point of contact, both wheels rapidly decelerate, torquing the chassis of both cars and often causing one or both vehicles to be suddenly and powerfully flung upwards ( the rear car tends to pitch forward, and the front car tends to pitch back.

From then on, the game spread powerfully across the country and Argentina is credited globally as the mecca of polo, mainly because Argentina is notably the country with the largest number ever of 10 handicap players in the world.

Sapir offers similar observations about speakers of so-called " world " or " modern " languages, noting that " possession of a common language is still and will continue to be a smoother of the way to a mutual understanding between England and America, but it is very clear that other factors, some of them rapidly cumulative, are working powerfully to counteract this leveling influence.

It is a powerfully simple technique that allows one to study equilibrium, efficiency and comparative statics.

Putnam ( 2000 ) mentions in his book Bowling Alone, " Child development is powerfully shaped by social capital " and continues " presence of social capital has been linked to various positive outcomes, particularly in education ".

" My opinion, indeed, by no means agrees with yours, for we ought to rejoice at this conduct of our adversary ; for, unless supported by divine assistance, we are far inferior to the English ; and they, by their behaviour, have made God their enemy, who is able most powerfully to avenge both himself and us.

It is theorized by some that the W ' rkncacnter's powerfully chaotic nature may be responsible for the jumps between realities seen in the game.

It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions.

He is powerfully built and very lavishly dressed.

The river, which flows between the castle-hill and the powerfully armed fort of San Cristobal, is crossed by a magnificent granite bridge, originally built in 1460, repaired in 1597 and rebuilt in 1833.

Many of the Culture novels in fact contain characters ( from within or without the Culture ) wondering how far-reaching the Minds ' dominance of the Culture is, and how much of the democratic process within it might in fact be a sham: subtly but very powerfully influenced by the Minds in much the same ways Contact and Special Circumstances influence other societies.

More generally there are other differences between the studies that need to be allowed for, but the general aim of a meta-analysis is to more powerfully estimate the true effect size as opposed to a less precise effect size derived in a single study under a given single set of assumptions and conditions.

The premise of The Social General Strike is that no matter how powerfully the working class organizes itself, it still has no significant power over a congress, or the executive ( which has military force at its beck and call ).

The album is generally regarded as one of the best live rock and roll records: critic Mark Deming writes that the gleefully lusty Kick " is one of the most powerfully energetic live albums ever made ... this is an album that refuses to be played quietly.